Blanche Dubois As Tragic Heroine Essay

How farthermost does Blanche Dubois measure up to the status of sad heroine?Looking at the comment of hero, we see that in mythology and legend, a man, often of divine ancestry, who is endowed with immense courage and strength, celebrated for his b hoar exploits, and favoured by the gods. A person celebrated for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, e sparely one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life soldiers and nurses who were heroes in an unpopular war. A person noted for special achievement in a particular field. The principal character in a novel, poem, or dramatic presentation.Blanche Dubois drive out be seen as a tragic heroine within A Streetcar Named Desire on a number of occasions. In the opening scene of the play, Blanche is introduced as someone who seems to be very sensitive and in some ways innocent, we see this when Williams writesShe is daintily dressed in a white suitlooking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party.Both her sensitive ness and appearance are an obvious contrast to not only Stanley, notwithstanding his apartment also, where Blanche ironically chooses to stay. Within Streetcar, Blanches life is evidence of how a single, tragic event can, in effect, end someones life. In Blanches case, this tragic event is her fall into complete incapability to complete with real life situations and failure to remove herself from the fantasy world she has created for herself. This can be seen as one of Blanches main tragic flaws, that is the phantasm of a tragic hero that in time leads to the heros defeat, such as Macbeths success to the throne, so far his actions that brought him there lastly causes his terminal.In an effort to escape the misery of her life in Laurel, Blanche drinks intemperately and has meaningless affairs. She needs alcohol to stop the polka music which symbolises Allans death, from repeating in her head and to avoid the truth of her life. She gives herself to various strangers in an attempt to lose herself. She seduces young boys in memory of Allan. But her leisure heart finds no peace, and her bad reputation ends her teaching career.Blanche cannot stand a vulgar remark, a loud noise, or a harsh light. With Allans departure, the light seems to have gone out of her life. As a result, she prefers sin and desolate candlelight, the perfect setting for her make-believe world that has no incommode or memories. It also hides the reality of her departed youth and advancing age, which is yet another flaw that she has, her obsession about not getting old because then no man will want her.Blanches dim perception with real life beliefings and situations can first be seen when she discusses her historical husband. She believed that her marriage to Allan was genuine, however refused to acknowledge his sensitive and effeminate qualities, perhaps in fear of the consequences. This is evident as we see hereThere was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a softness an d tenderness which wasnt analogous a mansAt the age of sixteen, she fell in love with, worshipped, and eloped with a sensitive boy. She believed that life with Allan was sheer bliss, however her assent is shattered when she discovers he is a bi-sexual degenerate, her discovery of this lead Allan to take his experience life. Blanche is seen to hold herself responsible for his untimely death due to the way she verbalize to him after discovering his secret. She is full of ample remorse that the thought of Allan alone is enough to make Blanche vomit, as can be seen in Scene 1 when Stanley asks her about her past marriageThe boy the boy died. She sinks back down. Im afraid Im going to be ghastlyBlanch is in no way perfect, the audience is made to feel sorry for her at times, and to hate her at other times, but scorn the fact that another of her main flaws is her ability to deal with situations like an adult, the tragic event leading Blanche to her fantasy world and on occasion d epression, is the death of Allan. This sets off Blanches downfall into what could be diagnosed as insanity, as it is the loneliness and and the fact that she feels her life doesnt have a purpose without a man, she experiences after Allans death that forces her to seek attention in the ruin way and from the wrong company. Such as the flamingo hotel, which is a good pillow slip of her dealing with a bad situation badly.

Ergonomic Workstation

computing device Workstation Ergonomics INF 103 Computer Literacy winter 2009 Computer Workstation Ergonomics As we s create verballyd increasing amounts of time at our calculating machine accomplishmentstation, we learn to be aw are of how the design and arrangement of our equipment deal impact our comfort, health, and productivity. proceed AREA The engage area should be biggish liberal to accommodate you, pull up stakes the full range of motions involved in playing required tasks, and provide room for the equipment and materials that make up the get goingstation. handling a head rig for lengthy or frequent telephone educate. office staff the items you practice most frequently submitly in front of you. Avoid overcrowding computing machine institute areas. DESK/WORK topographic point Standard furniture can non accommodate everyones needs. A taller soulfulness whitethorn need a one-time coiffement to assimilate his or her work surface raised somewhat a shorter person may need a footrest or other(a) accessories. accommodateable furniture may be needed in situations where people share or expenditure the same workstation. The desktop should be organized so that frequently apply objects are close to the utilizationr to annul undue extended reaching. The work surface should have a matte finish to minimize gleam or reflections. The area underneath the desk should always be tidy and strip down to accommodate the exploiters legs and allow for stretching. If a fixed- top desk is apply, add a keyboard tray that adjusts vertically to provide added adjustability. A footrest should be social occasiond if, later adjusting the efflorescence of the run, feet do non rest flat on the beautify. physical exercise a headset or speaker phone to reduce get along and elevate discomfort if you use a phone frequently throughout the day. Place the phone on the side of your non-dominant hand (i. e. left side if proper(ip)-handed, right side if left-handed) Position your desk lamp (if you use one) so that it illuminates source catalogues without ca exploitation each glare on the computer quiz or direct visible light to your eyes. A catalogue holder should be used if records are referred to during keying. The document holder should Be stable and adjustable ( bill, position, exceed, and careen of view). Support your document on each side of the admonisher. Be at the same distance from your eyes as the display subterfuge to avoid frequent changes of heighten and you should be able you to look from one to the other without moving your neck or foul.CHAIR ADJUSTMENTS Contrary to popular belief, sit down, which most people desire is relaxing, is hard on the back. sit for long periods of time can make water increased pressure on the intervertebral discs the spongy discs between the vertebras. Sitting is also hard on the feet and legs. Gravity tends to pool blood in the legs and feet and create a sluggish return to the heart. The following recommendations can helper increase comfort for computer users Dynamic sitting, dont stay in one static position for extended periods of time. When per work outing daily tasks, alternate between sitting and standing or grapple small walking come outs throughout the day. The chair back should have a lumbar sign even up height of backrest to jut the intrinsic inward curve of the lower back. It may be useful to use a rolled towel, lumbar roll or cushion to support the low back. The angle of the back rest is subjective but the tree trunk and hurrying legs should form an angle between 90 to 115 degrees. Adjust height of chair so feet rest flat on floor oSit upright in the chair with the low back against the backrest and the shoulders sorrowful the backrest. Thighs should be parallel to the floor and knees at about the same direct as the hips. oBack of knees should not come in direct connection with the strand of the seat pan. There should be 2-4 i nches between the edge of the seat and the back of the knee Arm rests should be removable and the distance between the work up rests should be adjustable. oAdjust height and/or width of armrests so they allow the user to rest coat of arms at their sides and relax/drop their shoulders objet dart keyboarding. oDont use armrests to slouch. Also, chair arms should not oticeably elevate your shoulders or impression you to move your arms away from your body to use them. oElbows and lower arms should rest lightly on armrests so as not to serve circulatory or nerve problems. Use a footrest when attempts to adjust your chair and the rest of the workstation fail to turn back your feet on the ground. Ensure that you have some space (2-3) between the top of your thighs and the underside of your workstation. Have enough space under your work surface so that you can pouffe yourself all the way up to the edge of the desk with room for your legs and knees to fit comfortably. varanOnce the c hair and work surface height are justly adjusted, the computer monitor should be depositd so the top of the diffuse is at or just below eye level when seated in an upright position. The following suggestions can help keep open the suppuration of eye strain, neck pain and shoulder fatigue while development your computer workstation Make sure the surface of the viewing screen is clean. Adjust brightness and contrast to optimum comfort. Position the monitor directly in front of the user to avoid excessive twisting of the neck. User must position the monitor at a comfortable viewing distance, nearly 18-30 inches from the user. Position monitors at right angles from windows to reduce glare. Close window blinds as needed to reduce glare from sunlight. Position monitors away from direct spunk which creates excessive glare or use a glare tense over the monitor to reduce glare. Adjust the monitor tilt so that ceiling lights do not reflect on your screen. If a document holder is use d, it should be placed at approximately the same height as the monitor and at the same distance from the eyes to prevent frequent eye shifts between the monitor screen and reference materials. break regular eye check-ups. Adjust as needed for larger screens. You may need to sit farther away and increase the font surface to take full advantage of the larger screen. Bifocal and trifocal wearers have to pay off particular attention to the placement of their monitor. Wearers of bifocals and trifocals often unknowingly tilt their heads backwards so they can read the screen through the lower atom of their glasses. This can sometimes lead to neck, shoulder, and back discomfort. Potential solutions include either lowering the computer monitor or purchasing glasses intentional specifically for works at the computer. KEYBOARDMany ergonomic problems associated with computer workstations take place in the shoulder, elbow, gird, radiocarpal joint, and hand. Continuous work on the computer may learn soft tissues in these areas to repetition, awkward postures, and forceful exertions, especially if the workstation is not set up properly. The following adjustments should be made to your workstation to help prevent the nurture of an ergonomic problem in the upper extremities First adjust your chair as mentioned above, then with your arms resting comfortably at your side, raise your forearms to form a 90 degree angle with your upper arms. Adjust keyboard height so shoulders can relax and allow arms to rest at sides. An articulating keyboard tray is often necessary to accommodate proper height and distance. Position the keyboard directly in front and be close to the user to avoid excessive extended reaching. Forearms parallel to the floor (approximately 90 degree angle at elbow). Mouse should be placed adjacent to keyboard and at the same height as the keyboard. Avoid extended and elevated reaching for keyboard and creep. The back of the radiocarpal joint should be kep t flat (in a neutral position). Do not rest the hand on the mouse when you are not using it.Rest hands in your lap when not entering data. A padded radiocarpal joint rest exit help to keep your wrist in a straight and neutral position while write and keep your arms off the sharp edges of the work surface. Do not rest your wrists or hands on a palm or wrist rest when you are keying. These rests are designed to provide support only during breaks from keying. The slope of the keyboard may need to be adjusted so that it is flat in order that your wrists are straight and not dented back while you are typing. Press the keys gently do not bang them or hold them down for long periods. pass off your shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers relaxed. If your work surface is alike high and not adjustable, adjust your chair to experience your arms to the proper position. If you raise your chair make sure your feet are properly supported. MOUSE, TRACKBALL, OR OTHER INPUT DEVICE The mouse is prese nt in virtually every office environment. Handed versions of mousses are designed specifically to the contours of either the right or left hand. Placing the mouse, trackball, or other input device too far away, too low, or too much on one side can cause shoulder, wrist, elbow, and forearm discomfort.Placing the input device directly in your immediate reach regularise offers natural comfort and maximum hand-to-eye coordination. Do not bend your wrist upward. Make sure you are sitting high enough for the workstation to be slightly below elbow height so that your hand rests naturally on the mouse. Moussing demands a certain level of surface stability if used on a keyboard tray, the tray should not wobble or tip. A trackball has an undefended ball that you manipulate with your fingers. It requires the use of different muscle and tendon groups than does a mouse, and can add concoction to your manipulation of computer information.Some trackball designs, however, may cause discomfort and possible injury to the area around your thumb, which stretches and reaches to finesse the trackball. Test different models of mouses, trackball or other input devices. construe the shape and size of the devices, how comfortably it fits into your hand, ease of operation, and any special features that competency make your job easier. In addition to the mouse and trackball, a variety of other input devices are available. Consider your task requirements and physical limitations. reach out pads allow you to move the cursor on the computer screen by simply gliding your finger across a small pad. irrelevant mousses, trackballs, and other pointing devices, touch pads have no moving parts to surcharge or breaks, so they never require disassembly for cleaning. Touch screens allow you to point directly at an object. They require little or no training, are faster than other pointing devices, and require no extra work surface. However, the disadvantages of touch screens include arm fati gue, smudges, optical interference, and increased glare. Voice input allows you to talk to your computer. Currently, such(prenominal) programs can understand and respond to natural talk delivered at rates of up to 160 words per minute. Pen-like devices use pressure, light, electromagnetic disruption, or radio frequencies to enter and manipulate information through contact with the computer screen or a horizontal pad. A pen pad requires about as much room on the work surface as does a mouse. If pen technology is used on a horizontal pad, a workstation must provide adequate non-glare illume for both it and the computer screen. LIGHTING Lighting not suited to working with a computer is a major contributing factor in visual discomforts including asthenopia, burning or itching eyes, and blurred or doubly vision.The lighter in most office environments is too bright for best VDT screen viewing. The illumination may be reduced by removing 2 bulbs in a 4-bulb fluorescent fixture, removi ng the bulbs in every other fixture, or turning off operating cost lights altogether. Supplemental desk lighting is better than overhead lighting for reading or printed copy. Use the following recommendations to reduce eyestrain and eye fatigue Close drapes/blinds to reduce glare. Adjust lighting to avoid glare on screen (light source should come at a 90 degree angle, with low watt lights rather than high). Avoid needlelike or uneven lighting in your field of vision. Place monitor at 90 degree angle to windows (where possible). Reduce overhead lighting (where possible). Use indirect or shielded lighting where possible. Walls should not be painted with a reflective finish. Use a glare screen or monitor shield to reduce glare from overhead lighting. WORK HABITS Repetitious static work (working at the computer) is very fatiguing on your upper extremities as well as your eyes. It is important that breaks from working at the computer be taken every 20 to 40 minutes in order for your bo dy to rest and recover.Taking a short break (3 to 5 minutes) does not mean you have to stop working, other activities such as talking to a co-worker, making copies, filing, etc. could be through with(p) during breaks from typing. It is also important to change positions periodically. According to the Alexander Technique, you should change sitting or leaning positions every 15 minutes (Bailin, 13, http//www. netsci. org/Science/ exceptional/feature01. html) Sitting in one position or leaning on your arms for an extended period of time can interfere with circulation. laptop computer Computers NOTE IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT LAPTOP COMPUTERS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED AS PRIMARYCOMPUTERS. IN THE OFFICE OR WHILE AT HOME, A DOCKING STATION IS RECOMMENDED TO PROVIDE ADJUSTABILITY WHICH WILL ENHANCE NEUTRAL POSTURES. Computing honoring neutral postures will reduce stress and strain to the musculoskeletal system. Incorporate mini-breaks every 20 to 30 minutes to break up repetition and static post ures. Maintain a comfortable viewing distance from your screen about 18-30 inches. Keep your head and neck in a neutral posture avoid excessive neck flexion or rotation. Angle the screen so that it is perpendicular to your line of sight, if lighting permits. Position the keyboard at elbow height, and keep your wrists straight while keying. Experiment with table height, chair height and keyboard angle to maintain neutral wrist postures. Remember if you raise your chair use a footrest to support your feet. When seated your hips should be slightly high than your knees. If you are seated in a side chair or couch, use a pillow to support your arms while keying. This will help you maintain neutral arm, wrist, and hand postures. Attach an external mouse instead of using the small constricted touchpad or trackball. Clean the screen regularly using appropriate antistatic cleaning materials. The hands and wrists should be kept in a straight wrist posture when typing and should not be resting on a pal rest, table, or lap while typing. Wrist and palm rests are designed to provide support during breaks from typing. Transporting the Computer Keep these ideas in mind while carrying your laptop from place to place Eliminate unnecessary baggage from your briefcase the less demand placed on the body the better. Carry your laptop in a case with a padded shoulder strap and handle. Frequently shift hands or shoulders to balance the load. Use a wheeled luggage cart when possible.

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay

According to DuBrin, motivation is an energizing force that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of way (2004, p. 121). It is the force inside the individual and process which allows us to get others to effectuate forth effort. There atomic number 18 many motivational theories that bottomland be used to prompt others (DuBrin, 2004). In the workplace, managers may need to find shipway to act their employees. Three ways a manager might motivate their employees be Setting goals, using operant conditioning to change behaviors, and using fiscal motivators.These may all be used to motivate employees (DuBrin, 2004). Goals are what motivate us and others to strive to achieve accomplishments either castigate by ourselves or others. Goals create a self-dissatisfaction within us which gives us an incentive to reduce this dissatisfaction by achieving our goal. By setting goals, employees brush aside improve doing and increase productivity (DuBrin, 2004). Another way to mo tivate employees is to use operant conditioning as used by B. F. Skinner.By providing rewards and punishments for behaviors, an employer can motivate employees to modify behaviors by providing consequences. An employee can use an incentive for positive behaviors much(prenominal) as increasing sales and receiving a commission or procession. For disallow behaviors such as not meeting goals set, an employer might demote the employee or even take away commissions or the promise of a promotion (DuBrin, 2004). Monetary rewards can be used to motivate an employee to improve effect and production.By offering commission or a raise, an employee lead be motivated to achieve. By setting clear expectations, an employee can strive to cause or exceed expectations, knowing what they will be eligible to find oneself the incentive. (DuBrin, 2004). I believe that the three ways of motivating others, can similarly help me motivate myself. By setting face-to-face goals for myself, I can motivat e myself to accomplish those goals. After achieving the original goals, I will set higher goals to challenge me. Monetary or recognition rewards will as well motivate me to be more productive.When given a choice in the midst of being rewarded or punished for behaviors, I will always annul the negative behavior and opt for achieving rewards (DuBrin, 2004). howls Expectancy surmise and Maslows Hierarchy of necessitate theory are two customary motivational theories. The Expectancy theory and Hierarchy of Needs theory befuddle similar and contrasting ways of motivation. The Expectancy theory focuses on personal choices that an individual must make when faced with the possibility of working breathed to achieve rewards and are affected by individual perceptions.Expectancy is how a person perceives the subject probability that one thing will ensue to another. How a persons perception of expectancy for effort will lead to performance and how performance will lead to reward probabi lities (valance) increase, so does a persons motivation force increase. (Scholl, 2002). The Hierarchy of Needs theory is based on satisfying our innate physiological of necessity first (food, shelter, water), then safety (job security, earning an income), then moving up the hierarchy ladder to satisfy our need for growth (love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.Maslow states that until our basic needs are met first, we cannot move up the hierarchy ladder (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). The two theories are similar because they both have forces that drive our motivation. However, Maslow generalizes about our motivation whereas Vroom shows that the resembling people are motivated by different things at different times and that different people are motivated by different things at the same time (Motivation Types, 2009).Vroom does not seek to explain a persons motivation like Maslow. Instead, he explains how people arrive at decisions to achieve the end they value. Both can be motivated by needs and self-esteem (Scholl, 2002). While financial incentives can be a good motivational tool, it can as well as have drawbacks. By offering fiscal, promotions, or employee benefits to employees, it can increase an employees performance and production. However, the drawbacks to this are a decrease in teamwork and inequitable rewards.If a person is working toward a goal to receive a monetary reward, he will most likely be less of a team player due to competition with coworkers. If monetary rewards go by income, a person who makes less will receive less monetary rewards than someone who receives a higher salary. An example of this is profit sharing (Ehow Money, 2012). sometimes it may be better to have monetary rewards given as a team effort or equitable financial rewards for the same job performance.

Ladylikeness empowering or demeaning

Ladyfingers prat be empowering or chagrining depending on the cleaning lady and the circumstance. Ladyfingers can be empowering for women by helping them be to a greater extent gentle and fruitful in everyday life. Ladyfingers can cause a fair sex who is more of the placid type to be demeaned, disrespected and dismissed. Women become more aggressive and aggressive because they dont privation to be treated unfairly and women taken serious. Most women who argon roaring and acknowledged in society today display strength.A rendering of ladyfingers is abstracted in strength, force, or virility. Ladyfingers for a Woman M who is rough, destructive, vulgar and fierce would be empowering. She will be empowered by being more gentle and fruitful in everyday life. For example, this woman being more nurturing toward her children and taking time to listen and understand before acting on impulse. Ladyfingers for a Woman N who is meek, gentle, weak and pleasant would not be demeaning until she tries to stand up for a belief or position.Woman N will be demeaned by being discouraged and falling of a sudden of her position. The more timid she is the easier it is for pile to shun her and her ideas. The more she is shot fell people will look at her less seriously. The more people see how weak she is they will be comfort fit with dismissing her. A exposition of demean Is to lower character, status, or re regorgeation. There atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) things that can lower character, status, or reputation. For example, a personnel casualty of wages, a loss of respect, a loss of a position, etc.Ladyfingers should not demean a woman. I am assuming the word lady In the word ladyfingers Implies that ladyfingers Is safe for women. Therefore, a woman being lady alike(p) should not be lowered in character, status or reputation. If a lady can be ladylike with aside negative percussion, then who can? The definition of ladyfingers Implies that being feminine and spring y cannot co-exalts to bewitchher In one woman. The briny reason ladyfingers raises a come to for women Is because women dont want to be treated unfairly and women want to be heard.The women In society today who are lucky In their craft are assertive and aggressive. Women who are aggressive and assertive may be affright plainly they are the women who made It out of the shadows and Into a spotlight. All women hire strength to be Independent and qualified at what Is required of them In their dally lives Ladyfingers can be empowering or demeaning depending on the woman and the circumstance. Ladyfingers raises concern for women. Therefore, ladyfingers raises a concern for women.Ladyfingers Is empowering for women Like Woman M but causes Woman N to become put down overtime. According to the definitions women who are successful today are not ladylike and this Is fine. These women combated what was against them In much(prenominal) a way that they accomplished their goals and get wher e they wanted to be. However, women should be able to be ladylike without worrying about being treated unfairly, lose and disrespected. Dillydallies empowering or demeaning By lady dismissing her. A definition of demean is to lower character, status, or reputation. Mean a woman. I am assuming the word lady in the word ladyfingers implies that ladyfingers is safe for women. Therefore, a woman being ladylike should not be repercussion, then who can? The definition of ladyfingers implies that being feminine and resilient cannot co-exist together in one woman. The main reason ladyfingers raises a concern for women is because women dont want to be treated unfairly and women want to be heard. The women in society today who are successful in their craft are assertive and aggressive.Women who are aggressive and assertive may be intimidating but they are the women who made it out of the shadows and into a spotlight. All women need strength to be independent and sufficient at what is require d of them in their daily lives Ladyfingers can be women. Ladyfingers is empowering for women like Woman M but causes Woman N to become put down overtime. According to the definitions women who are successful today are not ladylike and this is fine. These women combated what was against them in such a way that they accomplished their goals and get where they

Ethnicity and Culture in Disease Prevention Essay

impressiveness of addressing cannonball along, ethnicity, and husbandry when developing programs for prevention of unsoundness Name Subject instructor Date The campaigns against diseases have a number of times botched as a result of non-recognition of environmental, biological and behavioral factors as major determinants as of individual well(p)ness. In everyday health, the three terms (ethnicity, tend and culture) argon often used interchangeably. The implementation of disease prevention programs in a participation requires full knowledge of the health status of its members.With this regard, racial and pagan categories often define populations in a manner that is meaningful to their health status (Nnakwe, 2009, p. 337). The concept of race, ethnicity and culture plays a significant role in gain human behavior. Thus it is rational to incorporate the aspect of race, culture and ethnicity a when designing disease prevention programs in communities. For instance, designing a disease prevention program require the use of affectionate bionomical framework.The framework focuses on interactions between an individuals physical, cultural and social setting and thus it may be the only necessary go bad in a fight against disease in an ethnic group. In this case, the knowledge about a disease should not only be transferred but also wishs to be cultivated thought companion support, supportive social norms and cultural values. Consider a case where the presidential term decides to put up a facility for provision of free condoms at the core of a very conservative community as division of a program for prevention of HIV/ support. Will such a program receive support from the community?Of course not as this will be taken as a violation of the communitys cultural values since it may lead to moral break up among its members. Therefore cultural values of a community must be addressed and prevention programs should be aligned with those values. Health care provide rs need to train on cultural competency in order to understand barriers and influence of culture and society on health behaviors as well as the use of behavior change tools that are culturally sensitive. Ethnicity /race may also affect, directly or indirectly, the success of a disease prevention program in a community, e. . cultural beliefs about HV/Aids (Edelman & Mandle 2005, p. 48). For example the risk of obesity starts at a persons prenatal period. Race/ethnicity may therefore affect the prevention of obesity since it influence the timing of pregnancy, number of pregnancies together with intervals between pregnancies. In conclusion, the public health approach towards prevention of disease must into consideration culture, race and ethnicity within a social ecological framework as an fret towards sustaining a disease free society.

Collusion Between British Airways and Virgin

The tacit secret approval case to be discussed involves the illegal collusion and move of provide fleeces to commercial and cargo transatlantic fargons between British bank lineways (BA) and double-dyed(a) Atlantic Airways ( complete(a)). The factors which contributed to its success depart be discussed, as well as why, and its implications, of becoming public. To begin with, it would be beneficial to de attractive both(prenominal) calculating behaviour and the genius of the competition involved in the aviation industry. collusion is the act of a number of firms inside an industry agreeing to set a certain impairment, bring output or an some other parameter and is almost eternally against the law.This is as they all repugn in the given industry, with the setting of equipment casualtys or outputs done in favour of the companies, and is thitherfore anti-competitive behaviour, as this moves the outcome out from the commercialize equilibrium. The generated inefficiency i s considered illegal by The Office of honorable Trading (OFT) inside the UK, whos mission is to protect consumer welfargon whilst ensuring businesses re main(prenominal) competitive and moderately (OFT,2011). A brief overview of the UK aviation industry will help in in motleying and justifying certain factors which led to the booming collusion.Aviation is central not wholly for conveying pur irritates but for commercial flights, employing slightly 234,000 staff and contributing ? 18. 4 one million million million to Gross National Product (GNP). The industry is not only meaty for world(prenominal) business and trade, but 75% of all visitors to the UK travel by air and adds a further ? 14 billion towards GNP (BATA, 2011). The regular army and the European Union have signed an open skies balance al downhearteding to the skillful access to all routes between the two continents, although is to a greater extent restrictive to EU flight paths (IACA, 2007).In the particul ar case of BA and consummate(a), oil price rises ground on the price of barrel oil as shown in appendage 1, created rising fuel addresss and doubtfulness over future win levels. Several airways in the UK and global aviation industry brought in whippy fuel overcharges for passengers and cargo planes. The tacit collusion case of Virgin and BA showed that through with(predicate) with(predicate) communication, and agreeing to certain price rises at a given date, the nix impacts on production costs substructure be in grammatical constituent offset direct to the consumer. Through the instituteation of such an agreement, a prisoners dilemma gritty scenario is formed.This game revolves around joint outcomes based on individual actions, and the payoffs which are created from this. The choice to co-operate in decision making proves to be more beneficial than the absence of any collusive behaviour, although there is always the threat of deviation to add even more uncertainty to the question. Carlton and Perloff (2003) describes how in such a game, both firms must consider for each one rivals actions when making their own, and relate the combination of actions to determine outgo policy. Airline Market Transatlantic flights Virgin Atlantic High surcharge Low surchargeBritish Higher surcharge 25,25 15,30 Airways Lower surcharge 30,15 10,10 Profit from Cooperation = 25 + Profit from deviation= 30 + note ? D > ? C if r > 1 will prove that deviation from collusion unlikely This constructed game holds several(prenominal) assumptions which whitethorn be of use to explain the relative success of the collusive agreement. To begin with, it involves the firms meeting and setting prices more than once, in a repeated game, as fuel surcharges are relatively flexible prices which were changed to relate to the price of fuel, which was extremely volatile as shown in Appendix A.Following on from this repeated game, it is similarly for an undefined perio d. As the price rises came very suddenly, it created an uncertain future with no predictable end. Carlton and Perloff (2003) agree with the possibility that in a multi-period game, deviation plows much more costly, and through signalling can lead to self-made collusion to benefit both parties. Edgeworth (1897) touches upon efficacy constraints which are relative here in the theoretical success of this collusion, when based around the residual demand faced by both firms when looking at its pricing strategy (Carlton and Perloff, 2003).As the personality of the good is a seat on a plane, gain groundly capacity constraints are present in the form of the limited seating on aircraft, as well as the unfitness to in the short run increase output beyond full capacity. During the setting of price, clear communication will most likely go in a non-static equilibrium. As well as this, the symmetry in terms of the market and cost structures has played a part in creating a successful cartel . Each firm produces a relatively unvarying good in terms of economy, business or jump class, with a limited amount of features it can differentiate itself from its competitors.As well as this, utilise flesh 1, which will be discussed later on, demonstrates that the main costs to an airline are those which cannot be easily reduced or offset, most notably the cost of fuel and aircraft maintenance. Therefore both firms have near blameless knowledge of the cost structure and revenue through observing prices, and will aid in choosing a certain pricing strategy. What follows will be a detailed discussion of the specific market conditions which lead to the successful collusion between BA and Virgin.The UK Transatlantic Flight market as a whole can be said to hold more key factors which have led to successful collusion. The first is due to the proud levels of barriers to origination the level of costs specific to new entrants in the market. Barriers to entry show that new entrants find it extremely difficult to raise the pecuniary capital needed to establish themselves as long term competitors. The nature of these costs also plays a part, with a high amount resulting in sunk costs which are not transferable to any other industry such as an aeroplane and machinery specific to air travel.Emphasis also has to be placed on barriers to entry which do not relieve oneself a physical form, with the restricted capacity of umteen major airports and ordinance within the aviation industry epochally limits the ability to expand operations. An airline company needs to purchase several assets in order to whirl the product of a transatlantic flight to a HUB in the regular army. The first begins with the licence to operate in an airport and the parking/docking speak such as Manchester or Gatwick. With limited capacity at many a(prenominal) leading airports both in the UK and the USA, they become extremely costly.With Heathrow being utilise as the main airport for co mparison, due to the fact both BA and Virgin primarily operate there, Appendix B shows the extensive capacity constraints for all slots throughout each day. The purchase and maintenance of aircraft is clearly an inherent fixed cost, and with strict litigation procedures intending that there is elfin fortune to save costs. The last main fixed cost is in the form of come fees and en route charges, which each airline needs to pay. Figure 1 (British Airways, 2010)Figure 1 attempts to demonstrate these barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market after the monopoly pricing of fuel surcharges sends a signal to potential competitors for the opportunity of paranormal profits. The largest growth in the cost structure for British Airways has been in the sections discussed which pose the biggest barriers to entry fuel and oil costs at 44. 5%, landing fees at 14. 2% and engineering and other aircraft costs at 13. 1%, placing ever more emphasis on the difficulty for new firms to fence in this market (British Airways, 2010).Another key factor which contributed to the successful collusion was the indistinct buyer power in the demand for air travel, and in this specific case for transatlantic flights. The nature of the good is long distance travel, both for leisure and business with no other direct substitute in terms of time and comfort of travel. As well as this, Virgin and BA are both based primarily at Heathrow airport, and are the only two British airlines who offer extensive flights to several key HUBs in the USA.Along with three U. S airlines they make up the total flights offered to the USA from the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passengers (ACI, 2011). The two combined impact upon the price elasticity of demand, a key pattern which may help illustrate why the collusion was a success. The price elasticity to demand represents how responsive the consumers are to a change in price, in this case the change to the in crease in the price of the fuel surcharge from ? 5 to ? 0 between the period August 2004 January 2006 (OFT, 2007). The nature of the good is relatively price inelastic as no low cost airline or competitor can offer the very(prenominal) flight schedule to the fundamental airports in the US, such as modernistic York (JFK). Going hand in hand, this type of travel cannot simply be postponed or chosen differently, especially for business people who have little power over the price they will pay but kinda significantly have less financial constraints than those travelling for leisure.There have been many cases of tacit collusion which have been broken down within the UK, through the act of the Competition Commission (CC) and the OFT investigating what it deems could be ground to be collusive, illegal behaviour. The case of BA and Virgin is a unmatched one as to how it was broken down. The agreement finish directly through Virgin Atlantic Airways admitting to the collusive behaviou r directly to the Office of Fair Trade. There may be both relevant theoretical and concrete explanations as to why Virgin deviated from co-operation, which will be outlined briefly.Theoretically, as time continues the chance of deviation or being found out by legal bodies increases as the surcharges are fixed many times over an uncertain period, and oil prices showed no sign of stabilising. With no foreseeable end to the game leaving both firms with an area of uncertainty, and the threat of penalization playing an ever more important role, certain strategies in the game may have been altered. However, practically it may prove to offer a more credible reason as to why Virgin ended the collusive agreement by going to the relevant authorities.With the fine by the OFT standing at ? 121. 5 million, and the Department of Justice fining BA ? 148 million as the case was co-ordinated between both countries, the cost of colluding was unholy (OFT,2007 BBC, 2007). As well as this, the time line constructed in Appendix C highlights the previous hostile relationship of the two parties. Even though Virgin cannot compete financially or in number of flights/routes, a fierce competitor and competitive relationship has always hold uped with Virgin Atlantic being the only British non-flag carrier to survive the transatlantic flight market.This collusive agreement then goes exactly to the contrary of what has just been set out, so it may lead to one believing Virgin set out with this culture from the start, or once it became clear a court case would mean the parties involved would financially suffer, Virgin used the immunity clause to bear the collusion became public knowledge. To conclude, what has been set out is a set of conditions and assumptions within the game theory analysis, constructed for the collusive agreement between Virgin and BA.It back up in discussing the collusion itself, and the nature of which resulted in its success. Following on, the most significant market structural conditions were discussed relating to how they facilitated the successful collusion between the two parties. The main emphasis has to be placed through game theory that resulted in a long, unknown period of time through which repeated games and several instances of communication contributed to its success. The market conditions as a whole ed to the successful collusion, but in the case of barriers to entry it has to be emphasised that they exist in every aviation market and will only become more significant in the future, with the environmental issues and capacity constraints playing an important role. The weak buyer power of consumers contributed hugely, to not only the surcharge genuinely being introduced, but following on to at least 6 occasions of joint price increases. The amount BA was fined is a clear signal to all other firms that collusive behaviour will be punished severely, and therefore promotes its own punishment strategy.References ACI, 2011 Year t o date planetary Passenger Traffic December 2010, Airports Council International accessed from http//www. aci. aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c. jsp? zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2 as of 22nd defect 2010 BATA, 2011 Welcome to the British Air Transport association, British Air Transport Association accessed from http//www. bata. uk. com/ weathervane/Default. aspx as of 21st March 2011 BBC, 1993 1993 BA dirty tricks against Virgin cost ? 3m, accessed from http//news. bc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/11/newsid_2520000/2520189. immediate memory as of 24th March 2011 BBC, 2007 BAs price-fix fine reaches ? 270m, British Broadcasting Association accessed from http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/6925397. stm as of 24th March 2011 British Airways, 2010 Chief Financial incumbents writing, 2008/09 Annual Report and Accounts, Table from page 14 accessed from http//www. britishairways. com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0809/pdfs/CFO. pdf as of 22nd March 2011Carlton and Perloff, 2003 Modern Industrial Organization, Chapter 6 Oligopoly, pages 160-192, Pearson information 4 edition (1 May 2003) Europa, 2000 COMMISSION DECISION of 14 July 1999 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (IV/D-2/34. 780 . Virgin/British Airways), Official Journal of the European Communities, pages 1-4 accessed from http//eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=OJl200003000010024enPDF as of 24th March 2011 IACA, 2007 Press Releases EU-US Open SkiesDeal Not So Open for European Airlines, International Air Carriers Association accessed http//www. iaca. be/index. cfm? 79FD0308-BDBE-2776-0614-E6942D8F1AB5 as of 26th March 2011 Mongabay,2009 10-year commodity price chart for rude oil, Compiled by mongabay. com using figures from World Bank Commodity charge Data, accessed from http//www. mongabay. com/images/commodities/charts/crude_oil. html as of 11th March 2011 OFT, 2006 Report on Transport, UK airports Report on the market study and proposed decision to make a market investigation reference, page 139 accessed from http//www. ft. gov. uk/shared_oft/reports/transport/oft882. pdf as of twenty-third March 2011 OFT, 2007 The Office of Fair Trading, Press releases 2007 British Airways to pay record ? 121. 5m penalty in price fixing investigation, accessed from http//www. oft. gov. uk/news-and-updates/press/2007/113-07 as of 23rd March 2011 OFT,2011 The Office of Fair Trading, Making markets work well for consumers, accessed from http//www. oft. gov. uk/ as of 11th March 2011 Appendices Appendix A (Source Mongabay, 2009) Appendix B (Source OFT, 2006) Appendix C

Ledership

What is leadinghiphip? gibe to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) Leadership is a sue of guiding individuals, groups, and entire organization in establishing goals and sustaining action to support goals. What on the nose is meant by attractership? T here be literally hundreds of definitions roughly who a attraction is and what is considered as lead. Each definition may vary from whizz individual to an former(a) and may change from one situation to the other. For modelling we might call an individual a leader because of the soulfulnesss election to the governing body of an institution.Other times we say he/she is non a leader because he/she does not exhibit leading behaviors expected of the of a leader. In other words, we expected leadership from the legitimate position of the presidency, exclusively when that president does not exhibit leadership behaviors, we say that the president is not a leader. According to Yukl, (2002). The definition of leadership is arbitrary and very subjective. Some definitions argon much than useful than others, and there is no correct definition. Leadership theories Theories argon most useful for influencing practice when they suggest new bearings in which events and situations sewer be perceived.Fresh insight may be provided by counselling attention on possible interrelationship that the practice has failed to notice, which lowlife be further explored and tested through empirical research. If the result is a discontinue understanding of practice, the opening practice gap is significantly reduced for those concerned. (Hughes and Bush, 1991, p. 234). The quality theory This theory front surfaced in the writings of early Greeks and Romans and is public today among those who believe that leadership cannot be get under ones skined.This theory assumed that leaders has innate qualitys that made them strong, great leaders were considered to be born(p) with the ability for leadership, so it is either you have lea dership qualities or you dont . According to Shockley zalabak (2009) theory of leadership, that leaders possessed innate qualitys that made them legal is commonly referred to as the great man theory Leadership traits theory is the idea that people be born with certain character trait or qualities and since traits are associated with proficient leadership, it assumes that if you could identify eople with the correct traits, you will be able to identify leaders and people with leadership potential. It is considered that we are born naturally with traits as part of our personality this theory in compendious believes that leaders are born not made review Researches were do to define traits or personality characteristic that best predict the effective leader. List of about eighty traits or characteristic were gotten but trait arise failed to define clearly a stable set of characteristic associated with effective leadership.Even the concept of what is effective remains open to que stion. This theory does not prove a comprehensive explanation to how leaders interact with followers and meet the postulate of specific circumstances. While truly others can be born leaders, it is incorrect to worldwideize by saying that leadership traits are in born and unchangeable. Its true many of our dispositions and tendencies are influenced by our personalities and the way we are born. However, most people recognized that it is possible for person to change their character trait for the worse.Someone kn profess for being honest can learn to be deceitful, the whole idea of saying someone was change is base on the fact that people can learn big(a) traits. If people can learn character traits and become incompatible from the way they were born naturally traits can be learnt as well. A person who is prone to being dishonest can learn to be honest. A person who avoids risks can learn to take risk. It may not be easy, but it can be done. STYLE APPROACHES Leadership style ap proach focuses its attention on the leaders behavior. Leadership style is the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers (Lussier, 2004) Though leadership style is based on leadership skills and leadership traits, leadership behaviors is the important component. This is utter to be the third approach to leadership studies, a consistent build of behavior is what characterizes a leader. In shifting the study of leadership to leaders style or behaviors, the style approach expanded the study of leadership to various contexts (North house, 2004).According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) style approach or theories attempt to identify and curry the general approaches leaders use to achieve goals. These approaches are thought to be based or a leaders assumption about what motivates people to follow up goals. This theory attempts to identify a range of general approaches leaders use to influence goal achievement. These approaches are theorized to be based on the leaders assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals.Particular approaches also reflect complex relationships among the personal characteristics of the leader. Top among the style theories is the autocratic-to-democratic continuum first proposed by Ralph while and Ronald Lippitt (1960). Autocratic style of leader is a leader who get ats conclusions with itty-bitty influence from others Shockley- Zalabak (2009). The leader that exhibits this behavior makes the decisions, gives orders to employees, and is constantly supervising his subordinate. This leader tells others what to do and usually enforces sanctions against those who chose not to comply. He views his followers as internal for goal achievement but usually feels little responsibility for employee needs and relationship Shockley- zalabak (2009). reproof Research suggests that autocratically led groups kick upstairs more in quantity than democratically led groups, but that the quality rig i s better when more democracy is practiced. Generally with autocratic styles the led are not happy so they just do as they are told not because they have the interest of the institution at heart or because they enjoy working.Democratic- Shockley-Zalabak (2009) states that this style of leaders is the one that involves followers in decision making. The leader that exhibits this behavior promotes shared decision, team work, and does not supervise his subordinates closely. He assumes followers are able to participate in decision making, they study to create a climate in which task solving can take place while preserving interpersonal relationships. It is clear that these leadership styles are opposites end of a continuum.As such, its easy to rally that a leaders leadership style s follows mingled with those ends. Criticism When a leader is democratic at times his other colleagues in leadership positions can look at him as a weakling and also the subordinates might take advantage and wants to be disrespectful. individualism style- Here the leader behaves as non-leader. Individuals and groups are expected to make their own decisions because of a hand-off approach from the leader. The laissez-faire leader is an example of non-leader. This leader expects groups and individuals to make their own decision.He gives data only when ask by group members. Criticism The success of the group depends greatly on the abilities of the group and groups members willingness to work with little or no leadership. If the groups members consist of people that need a beseech to do things they wont be able to achieve much. destitute management- According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) this style is characterized by low concern for interpersonal relationships and labour accomplishment. This leader makes few attempts to influence people towards designate or goals.He dislikes leadership responsibilities and lets others take the responsibility that rightfully belongs to the leader. This leader is usually uncomfortable with leadership and intellectually resists the need for it. Criticism These leaders may be chiefly responsible for the failure of the group. Middle- of- the- road management- This is a style of leader who balances task and peoples concerns commonly referred to as compromised leadership or management. The leader negotiates and compromises to achieve feasible agreements and directions for action Country club management-This is a style of leaders who emphasizes interpersonal relationship at the expense of goal achievement the leader here wants to be liked and have group followers who feel support by the leader. He provides an interpersonal relationship bond that is low on task emphasis and high in interpersonal support Criticism He may want a task accomplished but will not take steps to emphasize this element to others, if members are not highly task oriented he ends up doing their work. kind of than insisting that the employees exhibit high standard s of performance. These leaders may not develop the abilities of the people under them.Team leadership This is the theoretical ideal team leaders exhibit high concern for both task and interpersonal relationships by emphasizing goal accomplishment while supporting people, it fosters a scent out of we with high performance standards. This leadership share decision making and strives for problem solving designed to solve rather than postpone problem, it respects different point of view and value diversity as long as it contributes to the group effort. Criticism Team members who support one another but do not have enough ability or information to work on problems will not be able to produce a high-quality decision.

Nursing Excellence

The definition of nursing chastity can be defined in many ways. What is common amongst all of the definitions of nursing excellence is that providing the persevering with high flavour compassionate wish well seems to be the common thread. Florence nightingale (considered by many to be the first nursing theorist) initiated the elevation of the nursing profession by educating those in charge of caring for patients and teaching them to practise the environment to assist in patient recovery. From that point on, the definition of nursing excellence has been constantly evolving.Virginia Henderson, much like Nightingale, a pi one(a)er in the nursing profession, went on to include caring for the healthy individual as an degree of nursing excellence. There are 7 qualities that have been place as being the qualities required to excel in nursing. Those qualities are Compassion, Ownership, Partnership, Dignity, Integrity, Knowledge, and communicating (Tomes. C, n. d. ). Nurses who exemp lify all of these qualities have proven to be leaders in their area of practice, displaying qualities that other nurses can look up to and seek lord counsel from.Nursing excellence results in competent, cost effective high quality care. The push for excellence in the nursing profession is exemplified in The depicted object confederacy for Nursing model for education. This model of education prepares nurses to achieve excellence by teaching nurses to fulfill various roles- providing high quality care to individuals, families, and communities teaching effectively influencing public policy and conducting research (The National League for Nursing, 2006).This model represents the fact that the NLN believes that excellence in nursing starts before one graduate from nursing school, and before your very first patient encounter. I agree with the NLNs approach to stress excellence in the educational arena of nursing. There has been an increased interest in nursing as a second career, possi bly after a lay-off of closing of a persons job. The enrollment in BSN programs has increased by 3. 5 percent from 2008 to 2009 (AACN, 2009). The ability to pass nursing classes doesnt mean that somebody can become an excellent nurse excellence must be taught and demonstrated.

Inventory

What occupations are facing Erik Peterson? 1. Uncl ear insurance c all overage twist 2. Inventory control 3. Personnel issues a. Chief Engineer b. Sub pushor c. Employee pay issues d. Conflicts / scant(p) relationships amongst various positions 4. deficiency of gain direction / consistent terminations / chat from corpo deem 5. Lower level of actual picture from those in higher(prenominal) management 6. Zoning issues 7. Lack of support from corporate projecting local relationships 8. Lack of training for many cardinal positions doh had originally been soft touched to begin benefit to subscribers on FebruaryY l, barely it was now a month merchant ship target because of some(prenominal) major problems. ( page 1) Instead of reporting to Jenkins, like originally assumed, he was assigned to Jeff Hardy, Celluloses director of reckons and plans. Hardy had neer had any system operational experience, so was unable to offer him any initial advice or focus that was specific or divine serviceful. Their relationship was somewhat steamy in the start because Peterson has never been formally told by either Jenkins or Hardy of the reporting relations hip it just seemed to bugger off occurred. (Page 3 and 4)The initial grammatical manifestation of cellular towers, performed by a subcontractor, was already several weeks behind inventory and that would never meet the turn-on target. Efforts to get the subcontractor to improve his construction rate failed, and GMT was race vying an increasing number of complaints from local citizens about the fashion the sub an nonator was bring downting through privately owned trees and property. (Page 4) CLC Peterson had difficulties with getting his head counsel engineer, discourteous Andrews, to do t he planning and organizing necessary to condition that equipment and supplies arrived whew n they were needed.Page 4) Peterson discussed this problem with Hardy several times a ND attired it again in Los Angels, mo reoverton no avail. brusk Andrews had take oned his way up an d he had gained a reputation at bottom Cellulose for macrocosm technically frustrate. After thro e Of four months in Hanover, Peterson came to realize that brusk did non defy either the administrative ability or the forward knowledge needed to start up a brand modern operation. (Page e 5) Peterson raised the possibility that Curt be reassigned and re taild by a person who h ad more run and startup experience the people he talked with in Los Angel s insisted thatCurt had the potential to portion out a startup all he needed was more coach and help from Peterson. Furthermore, Cellulose had just relocated Curt and his family fro m Tampa to Hanover and Peterson suspected that the connection did non wish to put him the rough anformer(a) move. (Page 5) Peterson took steps to help Curt improve the planning and coordination. One step he took was to hold back Curt call weekly construction meetings to which everyone in the o giving medication was invited. However, Peterson entangle that Curt did not become getd enough in t hem he found himself getting most Of his reposts straightway from Curts two subordinates ToddJones, supervisor of the communicate engineering part, and Mike Delano, supervisor of SMUTS construction department despite his attempts to get Curt more actively involve deed. (Page 6) Another step was establishing an inventory control reporting system but gaga n Peterson found that Curt resisted the effort. Peterson continued to have difficulty getting Eng these reports from Curt completed on time. Peterson suspected that Curt was in some manner re sinful that Peterson did not trust him implicitly.The inventory control problem became s o great that on two occasions GMT ran unforesightful of the radios that were required to equip cell is e if the radio generalization team ran out of radios during the installation process the entire p place had to be set up all over again, wasting semiprecious time and money. One these two cocoas ions when Curt did not plan for the radio shipment correctly, Peterson was lucky enough to g et overnight shipping. (Page 6) During this period, Peterson again discussed the problems with Curt asking to have him transferred but Hardy was again reluctant to plow any cacti on. Page 7) Curt had problems working with Todd Jones. Many of their conflicts were over the picking and specification of antenna equipment. Over time these issues had come so universal that Todd told Peterson on several occasions that he felt he was beet ere qualified than Curt and that he wanted Curts business. (Page 7) Curt also had several problems w irking with genus Melissa Mizzen, Peterson secretary. Most of the arguments between Curt an d Melissa were over errors in applications prepared by Curt, but typed by Melissa. Peterson s suspected that Curt resented having his errors pointed out by a woman. Page 7) 0 Jim Weston, a earldom college graduat e, who was brought in as director of commercializeing was an aggressive and would-be(prenominal) man who Often rubbed people the wrong ay in his hurry to et things done. Jims market plans were not detailed enough and they require deed careful review. (Page 7) dismay Burns, a roadside college graduate was hired to run the customer visionary vice department. Tremor had many ideas, some of which were impractical and his uninterrupted run away of newly ideas fifty-fiftytually became a problem for everyone, including Todd Jones a ND even Peterson himself Peterson had to talk to Tremor about it.Tremor and Curt so n veritable problems working with one another Peterson believed that some of these did faculties occurred because of the many suggestions Tremor do about equipment selection an d procedures. The relationship between Tremor and Curt had become quite strained, Peters on suspected that some of these difficulties may have been caused by Curts defensiveness over not having a college horizontal surface, and his resulting annoyance at Tremors constant flow of critic s chisms and suggestions. (Page 7) Peterson promoted his secretary, Melissa, to manager of Accounting and Cacti ovations In February with a raise in her salary.Cellulose headquarters thought that the resulting increase over her previous salary was profligate and Los Angels only approve d an increase that was 20% less(prenominal) than what Peterson had originally offered to her. Peterson f let that Melissa and he knew the quality of her work had suffered as a result. (Page 8) D Peterson had offered Tremor the job at a competitive salary that Tremor had AC accepted. Todd Jones, who was making 25% less, erudite about the amount of Tremors salary and complained at the difference. Peterson had to discuss the problem with trove r to let him know that his salary had become known within the company.Tremor voluntarily Off red to accept a salary cut of 20%, knowing that he had to learn some of the t echnical aspects of the cellular industry from Todd and Curt. (Page 8) Cellulose headquarters had delayed in making several key decisions and ha d several changes in equipment originally specified. As a result of these delays, Cellulose ms prime supplier of radios could not deliver on time, and Cellulose had to go to an a Iterate source whose equipment was later found to be defective, thereby requiring renegotiate action with the first supplier.Headquarters had made a change in the power supply ratings in Deck ember which Hardy did not inform Peterson of until January. Thus the equipment that GUM T had in inventory could not be used and additional design changes had to be made. T 0 further implicate the situation, headquarters made a subsequent decision in January y to have all power supplies include livelihood batteries, rather than the generator system the at had originally been specified the new power supplies did not arrive until the end of February y, (Page 8 and 9) Peterson c onstantly has a problem with his inability to get either support or CLC ear direction from Hardy.The one suggestion Hardy made, involved marketing to as many customers on the system as possible, but he did not have a set plan or action to do so. (Page Hardys four visits to Hanover had been characterized as nitpicking without r solution of any of the major problems that Peterson felt he had to deal with. (Page 9) Pet errors suspected that some of Hardys indecisiveness was caused by Hardys uncertain relation ship with his own boss, Rice Jenkins, and his little operating experience in cellular. Page 9) CLC Hardy and Peterson did not agree on how to handle the local governments, el adding Peterson to renegotiate with the local fire department after he solidified the p Ian to use the fire departments dialogue tower as a GMT cell site in a neighboring town . Hardy was too concerned with the budget and ROI, and not with the benefits that Cellulose and the public would get from this deal. (Page 12) Peterson felt somewhat uncomfortable in his relationships with both Cantor a ND Green because of an encounter he had had with them during his orientation period.Peterson did not care for Greens imperious and egotistical manner and feels a distinct dislike f or him. When Peterson challenges Cantors statements, he finds she becomes agitated and visibly upset. (Page 12 and 13) One of the issues Cellulose had was the difficulty GMT was having with the e local advantage in getting it to moderate ready its telephone lines according to the promised much(prenominal) duel. Although the meeting with the local general manager had gone well and he had promise deed better service, the utility continued to fall behind its makers schedule. Page 13) Peterson has a poor supervisor whos unsure of his skills and ability to prolong their relationship was ambiguous and awkward in the beginning because Peters on was never informed about the reporting relationship, Hardy failed in giving cle ar direction n or support to Peterson. Decision making consent and power Peterson is given the responsibility of getting this initiative running, but he does not seem to have the decision making authority to make things happen quickly and efficiently. For example, he needs to get permission to chi angel subcontractors and replace an engineer.No practical experience in industry Peterson cannot successfully lead without proper insight into the industry important positions to get the advise off the ground are not able to handle the Eire roles (Curt) dealings to class concepts 2. What are the underlying causes of these problems? The underlying causes of these problems are there is no communication ammo angst the company and its employees. Many of the employees do not have the proper training and knowledge for the positions they are in and do not put in enough effort, or they believe they are over quail fled than others.L No one knows who directly to report back to, creating awkward r elationships and a bad path of communication. Due to his inexperience (and possible youth) Peterson lacks look upon from thou SE he manages. The overall inconsistency, especially in deal to decisions made by upper m management, has led to confusion. In regard to the upper managements view of Curt, they believed that he coo old handle the job based on past performance in different areas (halo effect). Page 5) They also were influenced by the same bias in regard to resisting terminating the contract wit h the subcontractor. The majority of the team, but especially Curt, seems to suffer from excessive individualism. While Peterson did try to increase supervision of Curt and implement tied(p) meetings, this plan may have backfired. It appears to have evoked negative feelings from C rut which have continued to affect his job performance. Perhaps religious offering him incentives for meeting certain expectations would have been more helpful.No leadership skills with Hardy or Peterson, neither have much experience in area, which leads to lack of office because of lack of expertise Lack of communication/direction/ authority between the staff and the WHQL (Peterson cannot handle all hires/ fires/wages on his own without authorization, but is supposed to be the manager) Decision making is not in place for the schedule and needs of the project (Deck Sino making tree or other method of planning not in place radios and power supplies short takes or not ordered in time for different steps of the process to take place) Lack of structure and skill sets in roles (Stevens locomote from customer service over to do construction coordination, has a degree in social work) Confidential info was disclosed (salary info) so esprit de corps and relationships are n to as they should be in an office surround How effective has Peterson been in taking deplumate of the Hanover Startup, in t implements of war of managing the new operation and of providing leadership? Peterson has been effective in taking charge and turning around Hanover star tap so it will be ready in time for turn-on date.

Gifted Learners in Diverse Classroom Essay

As our nation bring abouts more culturally divers(a) we our schools contain to begin modeling and preparing for this variety show. The impressiveness of acquirement about diversity in culture and stereotypes is of erupticular concern with sharp learners. This article discusses the crossroad and Harris model (2000) which combines higher order thinking skills with culturally relevant suffice to engage students in analysis, synthesis, and evaluation as they examine different perspectives and become involved in social pull through. there be several different methods to this model that hatful be used a social studies schoolroom to engage gifted learners.The first is the transformational approach where the curriculum is set up to show contributions and perspectives of some(prenominal) groups. This allows students to see various perspectives across the spectrum of cultures. Next, the social action approach has students identify issues that they think might need to be chang ed and take action plans. They are empowered in both of these approaches. Blooms Taxonomy is used at the highest level in both of these models and students are able to learn from themselves, inwardly, and from individually other in order to hopefully mount positive relationships.along with using these two approaches discussions, infusions of literature and poetry, role-playing, examining primary documents, ethnographical explore, photojournalism, and redevelopment learning are easily applied to middle and high school classrooms. The importance of guardianship gifted students engaged has been easy documented. High qualities discussions have in the classroom are a great way for student to share, debate, develop original thinking and analyze various perspectives of other gifted students.In a multicultural classroom discussions could become significant learning experiences for boylike people by allowing participants to challenge the points of view held by others while reexamini ng their avouch beliefs Parker (2001). Multicultural literature infused into the classroom and curriculum can give many cultural perspectives for students to reflect upon. Teachers reported gains in self-esteem and academic consummation in diverse students when given literature in which they felt reflected their suffer culture.Another good technique that teachers can use in a multicultural classroom is role-play. When students place themselves into the role of another it is piece that they internalize the culture while also learning about the content. This use of sarcastic thinking skills, along with cooperative learning is a big part of a multicultural classroom. Role-play is one strategy that enriches instruction and supports the unusual esthesia to the feelings of others evident in gifted learners (Clark, 2007 Piechowski, 2006).Teachers, who have used the march of ethnographic research, or the study and systematic recording of human cultures, have found that gifted studen ts are enriched with the process. Ethnographic research accommodates interviews, artifacts and observations. Along with Ethnographic research the use of primary documents is an important part of a multicultural classroom. Examples include manuscripts, diaries, letters, photographs, postcards, posters, audio or video recordings, oral histories, speeches, or official documents (Bogdan & Biklen, 2006). original documents are increasingly becoming a part of the questioning process on the end of course exams so it is vital that gifted students are given access to them and understand their importance. Photographs, or photojournalism can be impactful for the opthalmic gifted learners. Photojournalism supports numerous characteristics of gifted learners, including their emotional depth and intensity, as well as their strong capacity for processing information, generating original ideas, and comprehensively synthesizing ideas and solutions (Clark, 2007 Davis et al. 2011).Finally, service l earning is an area were gifted learners are provided the opportunity be inventive with their ideas. In service learning students can find a need in the community and find a method to assist. Because many gifted learners have high levels of empathy this suits them well. Terry (2008) noted that service learning can help gifted learners reach their creative potential as they essay solutions to societys problems, while also assisting them in their journey toward self-actualization.There are many methods that creativity and diversity can be brought into a multicultural classroom. With gifted students choice and variety is important so that the student remains engaged. The gifted learners needs will drive much of the instruction. This is respectable a few of the ideas that would work in a social studies classroom in particular. As with all things creativity, curriculum and enrichment are the key to keeping students engaged with gifted learners.

Physiological Basis of Human Behavior Essay

heredity is the cracking of traits to offspring from its p bents or ancestor. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predispose to the characteristics of its p bent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can lay in and cause some species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics, which includes the surface bea of epigenetics. Both hereditary and hormones affect human behavior but in different ways. It is a combination of these two factors which results in normal behavior.Heredity and hormones work together to influence behavior. Heredity includes genetics, behavioral genetics, and evolutionary psychological science while hormones ar produced by the ductless gland system, in concert with the vile system. Hormones switch on behaviors. Looking at the relationships between hormones and heredity provides a complete picture of the effects of heredity on human behavior. genetics is the st udy of how traits are passed from one generation to the next through genes, which are found on chromosomes. They are a small part of DNA, and they pick out particular traits of groups of traits.They are the essence of a human being, their make-up, and they are unmodifiable. They are carried by tiny threadlike bodies called chromosomes. They vary in size and manakin and they come in pairs. Genes are responsible for the development of the nervous and endocrine systems therefore, genes can influence the chance of a certain behavior occurring in a certain set of circumstances. They are indirect to behavior, while hormones are direct. Genes are most often considered in a physiological manner, as in whether one is predisposed to being tall or short, or being blonde haired or blue eyed.Behavior genetics are the other side of genetics, more specifically how genes can be considered to pass on psychological traits rather than physiological ones. Each species has a ageless number of chromos omes that never varies, weight, height, skin color and many other traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. This process is called polygenic inheritance, and each of the genes contributes severally to the overall effect. As the chromosomes carries the genes, so does the bloodstream, hormones.

Consider the contribution creative development Essay

Consider the contribution creative development may practice to the education of teenaged children, illustrating your discussion with explicit examples of an activity/activities you planned in greenhouse and qualification clear reference to the Early Learning Goals.critically analyse at least one activity giving charge to content, organisation, your role, the appropriateness of the activity and the quality of childrens feel in relation back to your planned intentions. You should light up clear and explicit reference to the response of at least one child if possible, identifying targets for their future needs.ContentsEssay p 2-6According to HMI (DES 198517, cited in Rodger 1999, p. 128) creative development is concerned with, the capacity to answer emotionally and intellectually to sensory experience the aw atomic number 18ness of degrees of quality and the appreciation of beauty and fitness for purpose.Creativity allows children and adults to pack ideas and feelings in a p ersonalized and unique way. Although being creative can be seen as a uniquely human characteristic, if children are to develop their abilities in this area they moldiness be provided with the opportunities that allow them to explore and experiment helping them to gain government agency to express their ideas in a way which is uniquely their own. This is facilitated in the nursery classroom where a rich and stimulating environment is provided helping children to bring back and develop their creative ideas supported by sensitive and responsive adults.The political platform Guidance for the Foundation typify (2000) states how creative development contributes to the education of young children. Creativity is fundamental to successful scholarship. Being creative enables children to make connections amongst one area of learning and another and so extend their understanding. (p. 116)germinal development covers variety of different subjects, including imposture, music, dance, role-pl ay and imaginative play. For the purpose of this essay I will be looking at the subject of art, and two art (creative) activities planned and taught whilst on placement in a nursery setting. lance (1996) stated that in order for teachers to plan appropriate art experiences, contribute to the education of young children, they need to be able to identify the familiar acquaint of development in art, that their pupils are at. Peter suggested that there are four stages of development in art, the Scribbling Stage that occurs between the ages of six months and four, the Pre-Schematic/ exemplary Stage between the ages of four and seven, the Schematic/ Emerging analytic Stage that occurs between the ages of seven an nine and the Stage of Visual Realism/ Analytic Stage that occurs between the ages of nine and twelve. As we are focussing on art in the early years the stage of most relevancy is the Scribbling Stage from six months to four years.The Scribbling Stage is the earliest form of artistic expression and is usually characterised by mark making which becomes more controlled as the child develops. At the beginning of this stage scribbling is random and is done with every hand and their concentration span is short. The value to the child is having the tactile experience and practicing the physical action from the shoulder. As the child develops the scribbling becomes more controlled and a cargo area and push action is used, rather than a whole arm movement. As children use smaller actions they begin to use a variety of marks, such(prenominal) as straight lines and curves when drawing and painting.When printmaking children will manipulate materials that will make impressions, make marks with body parts and print with objects and found sources. When making collages children will often observe and spread glue on to a surface and place prepared items in an irregular arrangement. Children in this stage are also developing sculpture and 3D skills, manipulating rigid and flexible materials, moulding simple shapes and sticking found objects together. As childrens learning and skills develop they move through the stages, but to ensure children are prompt a balance is needed between familiar activities in which they express themselves confidently and new activities to present them with fresh challenges.

Coke Cola Face Csr Problem in India

(1)Indian government traditionally undervalue the business activities. Politics and vacant are gained more value than work. While in U. S. , American vision emphasis on working hard for personal value, business and political relation gain the same social respect. (2)India has many political and legal issues with contrary investors. Indian law to some extent is ambiguous when handling the lawsuits with alien investors,which may have been the reason causing problems for cytosines trading operations in India? 3) Both countries may have different ways of doing businesses. extraneous investors should consider the fact that every culture is different and they need their cause practices (polycentric), if Coke still thinks its American style of business operation is erupt and practices it in India(ethnocentric), the consumers in India will regard those practices as wrong and inappropriate. This could alike have been the reason why India blame on the water befoulment and shortage c aused by Coke.Coke and PepsiAs the Indian people interpret silence as guilt, thus the representatives of Coke should response quickly firstly, to apologize for the destroying of water resources in India, and then do some compensation for the local anesthetic people. secondly,find ways individually or Corporate with authoritative NGOS to solve the problem. It is very important for Coke to built good reputation and consumer loyalty in international market. thirdly, apprise from what Pepsi does doing CSR such as digging village wells, trying best to fasten water waste,etc. these measures could help to interact with local people, mend relationships with government and the public.From worldwide standardization to localization Change the style of advertisement to fit the tang of Indian people. Add some Indian cultural factors to the can package. seize more CSR as what Pepsi did. Improving relationships with Indian government and the public. Start to occur with local consumers, and response quickly. Because in India, keep silence means guilty,even though India and U. S. both speak English, because of different value, culture and social environment, miscommunication may exists on the plus side, it is the best way to understand the need or growl of Cokes consumers. 1) MNCs should overcome Parochialismview the world through their own perspectives, and the simplificationthe touch on of exhibiting the same orientation toward different culture groups. Because doing things the same way in foreign markets as they are done in domestic markets may arise more conflicts when involving in cross-cultural management. In this case, Coke prefers identity to achieve their own value in India, while India is a guild respect more about politics than business, Coke did not improve the relationships with bureaucratic offices and finally it brings trouble to Coke about the pesticide findings.MNCs should set up unique human resource management system to fit for local employees, im prove communication effectiveness to reduce misunderstanding among multicultural groups in the company, for example, to provide language and cultural training, to improve feedback system. Internally, to select CSR practices that fit with the companys existent capabilities externally, work with NGOS, pragmatically respect local culture and protect the environment.

“Life of Pi” vs “The Odyssey” Comparative Essay Essay

Life standed on the ocean is very grueling and risky. Only a fewer be equal to(p) to face the gainsay tasks of such a situation using their marbles and persistence. In the book Life Of Pi and the film The Odyssey, the transits of the main(prenominal) characters are surprisingly par all(prenominal)el, considering the works were written over 20 centuries apart. Both of their journeys transmit stages similar to the archetypal hero journey, including the Separation/Departure, Initiation and The Return. Although some(prenominal) Pi and Odysseus face extraordinary challenges, Pis character is more than(prenominal) intrigue because through his first person narrative, the reader is drawn to his sensitive nature, his photograph and his unique personality magical spell Odysseus is interesting because of the hero stereotype re represents.In the Separation/Departure stage, both manpower are slow at first to start their journeys, but due to forces beyond their control, they rang e for phenomenal adventures at sea. For instance, when Pis family reveals that they are moving to Canada, Pi is reluctant and does not want to leave. Pi tests his hesitation when he says wherefore enter this jungle of foreignness where everything is new, strange, and difficult? (Martel, 86). He was thunderstruck (Martel, 88) at the thought of moving by similarly saying It was like Timbuktu, by definition a place permanently far away (Martel, 88). Pi has created a acquainted(predicate) world of family, filled with religions, his mentors and peace, but is now point of intersection to an unknown territory far away.Likewise, Odysseus did not want to leave for the fifth column War as he would be leaving his family. He is called to the date just after his son Telemachus was born, and he is hesitant. Odysseus loves his family, even though he is seen as a typical brawny warrior. This shows that he wants to halt tin bed to care for his son and wife but nonetheless carried out his trading because he is a brave soldier at heart. The resemblance among those two here is that they both enjoyed life at house, but had to ship on their journeys due to political turmoil For Pi it was Ghandis coup of India that causedhis family to leave, and for Odysseus it is the declaration of the Trojan War. In the start of their journeys, Pi bollockses the thres see when the Tsimtusm sinks, and this forces him to bring about on a raft to start his adventureat sea. This end be seen when Pi describes the sinking of the boat which made a skilful like a monstrous metallic burp (Martel, 107). Pi also expresses his terror when he says, control me its a bad dream. Tell me its not real. Tell me Im still in my bunk on the Tsimtusm and Im tossing and turning and soon Ill wake up from this nightmare (Martel, 107). This shows the crossing of the threshold for Pi as he is the only human survivor who enters this foreign place. This crossing from his familiar life to a more than more dangerous one creates a struggle for him to travel by to his ordinary world. Similarly, for Odysseus, he crosses the threshold a few times and it starts after the Trojan War when he angers Posei simulate. This is seen when he boasts that he defeated the Trojans by himself, thus angering Poseidon who makes him suffer. His arrogance creates a more more difficult journey bag because Poseidon repeatedly sends him off course preventing his return office for many years.Both character cross the threshold in different ways, It is forced upon Pi whereas Odysseus brought it on himself. This is considerably accurate since Pi is innocent and did postcode to incur his fate and the struggle that he had to endure. only Odysseuss crossing of the threshold is because of his ego which he has to pay the legal injury for boasting about himself winning the war. In short, both characters were reluctant to cross the threshold, but in Pis case his situation seems more devastating as he is still you ng and has to bear with the tot up exhalation of his family. Throughout their initiations, Pi and Odysseus essential face many challenging trials on their road to survival and eventual recompense. Pis main trials are the danger of the tiger and the overall risk of surviving from hunger, craving and nature. With Richard Parker, Pi has to constantly find a way to train him, as he some(a)times describes Let the trumpets blare. Let the drums roll. Let the show begin (Martel, 182). This shows the importance of training to him. He will call himself THE PI PATEL, INDO-CANADIAN, TRANS-PACIFIC, FLOATINGCIRCUUUUUSSSSSSSSSSSS (Martel, 183).Also in order to avoid starvation he must eat meat, as he recounts it for the first time by saying It was a great discovery when I found that a fresh-tasting fluid could be sucked out not only from the eyes of larger fish but also from their vertebrae (Martel, 235). He describes turtles as a arena of hot soup became my favourite dish (Martel 235). Th ese quotes show Pis effort to train thetiger and using his wits to outsmart him on with the discovery of using aquatic creatures for meat / food sources. Back to Odysseus, later organism cursed by Poseidon his journey second home consists of nothing but horrific trials such as the Cyclops and Lotus eaters. For deterrent example after Odysseus sets sail Poseidon creates a fog causing them to meet a troublesome foe, by trapping them in the Cyclopss cave. tho Odysseus describes the Cyclop drunk and stabs him in the eye, allowing them to escape. This portrays his cunning bravery which saves most of his men and himself. nonpareil similarity for both characters road of trials is that they are all bigger than life. None of their challenges are ordinary or even realistic. but Pis challenges are constant throughout the novel and there is no real relief or change of pace for him.On the other hand Odysseuss bizarre challenges are constantly ever-changing and creates an episodic storyl ine. Also he stands with many of his crew and watches them die during some of those trials while Pi faces his challenges alone. Many months later, after Pi survive on the sea for 227 days he is rewarded a chance for recovery at an algae island before the utmost lap of his journey. When he sees the heavenly island at first, he expresses that when he take in commons, after so much blue, was like music to my eyes (Martel, 285). Also when he eats the green vegetation he comments saliva forcefully oozed through I toroid at the algae around me (Martel, 288). After surviving on the sea for so long, he is finally given fresh food and water, allowing him to stay alive until he reaches mainland. Odysseus also receives a break when he drifts along to calypsos island, after all the terrors he endures. There he is taken care of by a beautiful woman named Calypso and she gives Odysseus the rest and treatment he needs.This shows that by overcoming allthe challenges thrown at him, he is rewarded a chance to take a break, even though Calypso intended to keep him there forever. The similarity here amongst the two is that both rewards offer some kind of recovery, allowing them to take a breather before arriving at their destination. Yet Pis reward is frequently smaller / less satisfying compared to Odysseus because Odysseus still knows his family is back home while Pi still has to bear the loss of everything. All in all, while Pi had a sustained and prolonged struggle with the tiger and starvation, Odysseuss road of trials is morevaried and exciting to watch. Both heros did, however, get a rest near the end. When a hero is close to being home, though grateful for being alive, their return usually contains one final task that he/she needs to complete. Pi crosses the return threshold when he is found on the shore of Mexico and while being helped by the local anesthetic people, he tinges with the sadness of the loss of his tiger. He states that he is rescued when a member of m y own species found me (Martel, 316).Expressing his release from hell, he also says I wept like a child (Martel, 316). So although relieved to be cared for, he is still grieving the loss of his family and Richard Parker. For Odysseus crossing of the threshold it occurs when he arrives home by boat, happily, with Athena changing his appearance to help him. He is seen expert when reunited with his old friend (the goatkeeper) and his son Telemachus. However he finds out he has one more obstacle to face in order to action happiness. Though he is cheerful to be home, his happiness is a here and now diminished when wondering if his wife had kept their promise. He becomes quite idle angry and fired up with what he sees back in the village, surely not the peaceful reunion he had hoped for with his wife. There is not much similarity between their crossing of the return threshold except that they both return on land, but Pi is very ill and dim while Odysseus seem not. Nonetheless Odysse us still has his family, while Pis is certainly dead. Also Odysseus has other challenge to face at home while Pi has no physical challenge but must now rebuild his completed life from scratch. After being saved, Pis last small obstacle is in the hospital when interrogated by investigators from the sunken ship.As Pidescribes his story, they challenges his tale by saying Mr. Patel, we dont believe in your story (Martel, 324). They also says It doesnt hold up (Martel, 324). Finally Pi says, I know what you want. You want a story that wont surprise you (Martel, 336). Because his adventure is so bizarre, these men did not really accept it. But since he had very burnished imagination, he makes up a completely new version of the journey to say to them and makes everyone satisfied. Back to Odysseus, when he arrives back at his homeland Ithika, he finds one more task which he directly confronts in disguise. When he reaches back to his village, there is many men causing chaos struggle to win over his wife.There is a contest to determine the emerging husband and hejoins to end the madness. Odysseus has to engage in yet another battle, first by completing the contest by stringing his bow and shoots an pointer with it into the twelve lined up rings perfectly. Then he transforms back into his normal self and kills all the suitors, ending the drama. Compareing both of their magic flight, it is a much tougher task for Odysseus as it is Physically more demanding. Pis last challenge is minor and it causes us to wonder the validity of his entire journey. However he is still quite physically and mentally drained. Therefore, while Odysseus showed his physical ability once again Pi is obviously agony in a more profound way filled with rue and future uncertainty.These two characters both showed strong characteristics to complete their journeys, and while they overlap similar stages there is more sympathy towards Pi due to his loss of innocence. By examining the Separation, Initiation, and Departures, they all include important stages for the hero to move on. The general process seems to be that the hero leaves his home to a new unfamiliar place, gains experience / skill, and returns home with boon or new knowledge. With these said, though Pi and Odysseus adventures shared similar plots, it is important to note that Pi is a star person surviving on the raft, with no other companions other than the imperial Bengal tiger. On the other hand Odysseus has his crew throughout some of hisjourney. It can be argued that Pi had a tougher time at the sea, but to be fair Pi is only 16, whereas Odysseus is an adult stranded out preposterous for many years. His exploits were exciting and entertaining but his personality had no depth. Pi is much more vulnerable and he elicits our pity. Because he is so clever, poetic and even humorous at time, he is more appealing to us throughout the extraordinary challenges.

Accounting and Tax

The world is increasingly adopting an extremely commercial approach to trading trading operations (Paulson 99). Every boldness in the stinting environment and social corpses is increasingly becoming to a greater extent commercialized as the bourgeois mental has taken over a part of light upon argonas in operations (Paulson 99). The mapping played by taxation and report trunks is on the summation payable to commercializations and relaxation system of operations and markets. Different modes of operations and complexity in clubovative operations ask result to the need for suppuration of different modes of problem alliance and taxation (Paulson 99).Original translations and systems argon macrocosm re infinited by hot cardinals that be deemed to be more(prenominal) relevant to modern day operations. The policies supported by political leaders with regards to these economic factors be seen to be key to the perception that the voters fork out on them. T he over every commonplace, call(a)able to improvements in instruction systems and education levels, cook become more aw ar of the importance of good and relevant policies to non all the development of the economy but to individual development.It is no yearlong left for the professionals to infrastand the complexities and c atomic number 18ns in invoice system and information systems be it at the policy or carrying out level for ordinary citizens atomic number 18 continuously seeking to know more on these concepts (Paulson 73). This paper looks at close to of the current trends in accounting and taxation systems in the US. and the impact they have on the development of US. as a nation. The paper looks at a issues in Private and universal play along Financial Reporting and their inter theatrical role point with the inter case standards.The former(a) areas that the paper addresses are Cost or rightfulness Method of story, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Importance of Segregation of Duties, Income tax accruals, Deferred Income taxes and McCains Vs Obamas tax plan. institution Developed economies and especially Americas are highly reliant on the development of the business sector (Pratt & Niculita 22 ). The business sector in both(prenominal) of these developed economies contributes immensely to their large domestic income levels. Financial report is an aspect that is integrated into every business system be it profit or non-profit making.Financial coverage is a very important aspect in ensuring duty and developing the authorization that is of high importance in a capitalistic economy that are characterized by high levels of competition. Financial reportage does not in itself-importance guarantee success in business but helps in providing information that is small in the development and implementation of economic decisions. Compevery Reporting The standard wasting disease in m unitarytary reporting in the US is the generally accepted ac counting principles standard (Talbott 63).The primary(prenominal) reason behind fiscal reporting for public entities is to meet the needs of out-of-door stake holders who due to their positions lack the ability to get the information. Even though the external exploiters of partnership pecuniary reporting whitethorn have access to information, some hush-hush companies still choose to prepare the general m wizardtary pedagogy. Even though the GAAP financial accounting standards are aimed at providing the end mapr with the undeniable information, the commission of the comp any often finds such documents to be of great importance (Talbott 63).Many individual(a) companies implement a system where the financial statement take on an independent accountant report which is drafted after the report has been size uped, reviewed or compiled. The brass is not directly responsible for the verbalism of the accounting standards in most developed countries and it was until 20 02 that the federal government intervened largely on accounting standards (Talbott 35). This non-interference is common system in most countries under common justice where it is believed that the buck common soldier sector is well informed and has a good imagination backing.It should be noted that the GAAP is not a legal philosophy that has to be followed though some spot financial authorities have make it compulsory for public companies to adhere to standard (Ricardo & Kolthammer 53). It should be noted that the GAAP standards for the private sectors are set by different bodies which operate under different assumptions, principles and constraints from those of the public sector. The basic objective in financial reporting is providing information this is done by making a estimate of assumption, finish of a series of principle and subjecting a calculate of constraints.Assumptions ? The business entities are false to be separate from its owners and other related businesses. In proviso of financial rule books personal disbursals are unplowed separate from company r even outues and expenses (Ricardo & Kolthammer 51). ? some other key assumption do is that the business leave alone continue operating(a) indefinitely. This assumption is make to justify the validation of asset capitalization, depreciation and even amortization. This going concern assumption is further overridden when it is certain that the company willing be liquefied (Ricardo & Kolthammer 51).? Since one of the objectives in the provision of financial records is to get a line ease of evaluation a measure mustiness be used. In the US, a monetary unit that is assumed to be stable is used as the unit of record. It is accepted by the FASB that the nominal value of the dollar sign unadjusted to take care of the inflation should be used as the main unit of measure (Ricardo & Kolthammer 51). ? A major assumption in the preparation of financial records is that the economic and financial activities of a company stack be divided into cadence units. This is the time distributor point principle (Ricardo & Kolthammer 51). in that location are a number of principles that have been adopted by the FASB in preparing financial records. The principles govern how the actual preparation of the records will be handled. Some of these principles overwhelm ? Companies are involved to account and report on the basis of science prices kind of than current market prices. This principle applies to all recordings be they assets or liabilities (Ricardo & Kolthammer 54). This principles assures that the information standd is reliable by eliminating bias that would have differently been accumulated by using the perceived value.However, on that point are changes in this system as a number of debts and securities are being inform on the basis of their fair price or market values. ? Principle number two is referred to as the revenue principle and it requires companies to record revenues either when they are realizable and earned or when they are completed. This accrual approach to accounting eliminates recording at receip (Ricardo & Kolthammer 54)t. ? The matching principle dictates that the expenses and the revenues have to be matched as long as in that location is sufficient ground for pairing.Expenses are only recognized when the product or overhaul that they have help induce earns some revenue (Ricardo & Kolthammer 54) The principle further states that if a situation should summon where no connection stooge be established between an expense and a revenue then the expenses ass be charged on the existing period. This system is useful in ensuring accuracy and robustness in evaluating actual performance and profitability levels because the principle clearly shows how much was exhausted in earning a given revenue.? The revealing principle is one that governs the number of information that faeces be discover. According to this principle, the com e up of information that shtup be disclosed should be found on a sell off analysis (Ricardo & Kolthammer 54). Disclosure of large information is often associated with change magnitude cost in the preparation and use of the financial records. Therefore, the information disclosed should be enough for judgment trance ensuring that the costs are kept low. Information in the financial records are either presented in the main body of the statement, notes or as supplementary material.A number of constraints have as well as been placed in coming up with financial records and reports. The constraints are aimed at reducing errors and ensuring reliability. They include ? The objectivity principle which states that the financial records should be based on objective evidence (Ricardo & Kolthammer 54). ? The signifi skunkce of an item is only considered when it has been report. The corporeality principles therefore considers information to be of significance if it can in one way or the oth er coin the decisions make by a reasonable human person (Ricardo & Kolthammer 55).? There is withal need for unity in the accounting principles used by a company. The companies should check over that they use the kindred principles year in year out. ? When choosing between two alternatives the wise principle states that the solution that is likely to understate the income and assets should be given scratch priority (Ricardo & Kolthammer 55). Comparison Even though the differences whitethorn not be clear a key differences arises in the aspect of stakeholders. The investors will ever want to be informed on how their investment fundss are fairing on.In a private company, systems may be developed where the investors who are often few and close related can access financial records and the performance of their investments at bad-tempered times (Einhorn 23). Furthermore, the private nature of such businesses exempt them from mandatory disclosure and there are no restriction on th e materials they can disclose. However, the storey is quite different in public companies where disclosure is a must. semipublic companies are of national interest and therefore issues regarding their financial status affect a considerable proportion of the general public (Lewis & Pendrill 32).Development in financial systems are aimed at protect the investors from the visitation of such financial institutions. The rectitude therefore dictates that such companies must disclose their financial records and in so doing the materials disclosed should be such that they provide enough information as per the investors requirements (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 35). Therefore, while a private company financial records may only be a paginate the public companies often develop booklets and mountains of documents as their financial records.In general, preparation of financial records in public companies is more resource intensive relative to private company due to th e time and financial resources that have to be channeled to the preparation of the rather comprehensive records. The similarities are countless. The principles employed, assumptions made and constraints are generally within the GAAP principles (Haber 24). The principles are within the stated framework and therefore bears a lot of similarities.Disclosure is stressed on by both private and public companies for the sake of their investors. In either case, the importance of financial reports to the management of the companies and to creditors who may require the companys financial information is of equal importance. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The area of financial disclosure and development of financial reports is of key concern to the entire economy. The government and the legislative system is often concerned with the overall wellbeing of the bulk at least that is what they have made people believe.Disclosure and financial reporting is an area that is of key importance to the overal l development of not only the company whose records and proceeding are being disclosed but as well as to other companies that may be related to the tell company in one way or the other. The federal system broke its liberalization of the accounting systems when in 2002 it enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Hamilton & Trautmann 44 ). The act was aimed at protecting the investors and was enacted into federal law in 2002.Previously issues regarding financial disclosure and preparation of financial records were governed by standards rather than law. The move was aimed at dealing with the increase in the levels scandals that hit a number of major corporations namely Tyco and Worldcom among others (Shanley 21). These scandals were very pricy on investors and had a major bearing in the capital markets as section prices dropped considerably. The effects of the scandals were felt by both participants and non-participants as the confidence in the broth markets suffered and irrecoverable blow. The reforms that were brought by this act are considered the most far r individuallying changes in the business environment in decades. These pertly legislations did not affect the private sector and were aimed at developing compound standards for the public sector players including public accounting firms (Shanley 49). Its borrowing was a polemical step and led to major divisions on its perceived benefits. A number of people who were and still are for its implementation state that it has led to an increase in investor confidence on the profligate market while ensuring discontinue standards and keep backs for corporate accounting standards.The act led to the developments and en save of PCAOB which is charged with regulating, inspecting and ensuring relevant disciplinary measures are taken against accounting firms that are ascertained to have blemish some of the principles and standards set by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Pratt & Niculita 85 ). Some of the key features of Sarbane s-Oxley Act of 2002 include ? The set-back denomination establishes the PCAOB as a notice that will provide the required oversight for accounting firms that provide audit services.This first style oversupplyively creates a central board that is tasked with ensuring procedure compliance by the boards, registration of auditors, comment of processes and procedures for compliance, quality control and management and enforcing compliance as per its mandate that are provided for in the act (Einhorn 19). ? The siemens title establishes the standards that will ensure the independence of external auditors so as to minimize the risk of conflict of interest. This title also puts up unfermented auditors approval qualifications, partner rotation and reporting requirements.One of the notable features of this second title is that it stripess audit firms from providing non-audit services for same clients (Einhorn 19). ? The function for accuracy and completeness of financial records is p laced on senior executives. This third title further defines how the external auditors will be expected to interact with the audit committees. A every quarter certification of the integrity of the financial reports by the corporate executives is required by this title (Einhorn 19). ? The fourth sections requires the inclusion of off balance sheet transactions and transactions of corporate policemans.This is to ensure enhanced financial reporting and ensure accountability at the highest levels of corporate leadership. The fourth title further requires the organization of internal controls that will ensure the accuracy of the financial reports. Timely reporting in case of change in financial conditions which must also be accompanied by a review of SEC or its agents, is advocated for by this title. ? The fifth section includes measures that are aimed at restoring the confidence of the investors on the reports brought forward by securities analysts (Einhorn 77).The code of behavior for the security analysts are delimitate in this section and they are further required to disclose any conflict of interest that may be in their knowledge. ? The sixth section is closely related to the fifth as it defines practices that will help in the restoration of investor confidence. The SECs authority is also defined in this chapter and their power to bar securities professionals from dealing is brought into proper perspectives by definition of cases where their power is applicable (Einhorn 22).? The ordinal section places more emphasis on the manner in which query that is aimed at enforcing actions against violators will be conducted. The reports and reasons that have been identified as being of importance in the research include the effects of consolidation on accounting firms, securities violation, role of credit rating agencies and enforcement actions. This chapter further suggested investigations on whether the investment brims played a role in obfuscating the financial positions of some of the corporations that failed.? The 8th title describes the specific penalties for fraud by either manipulating, destroying or fixing financial records. This title further defines the penalties associated with interfering with the course of investigation while providing a considerable level of protection for whistle blowers. ? The ninth title increase the penalties associated with white collar crimes and conspiracies to commit financial crimes. One of the key recommendations of the title is that stronger punishments should be provided for financial crime offenders.A key addition is that trial to certify corporate records is declared a criminal offense (Einhorn 19). ? The pass executive officer or the senior most corporate officer is required to certify and sign the companys tax returns in the tenth title. ? The definition of corporate fraud as a crime within the law is found in the eleventh title. Record tampering is also include as a criminal offense and the specific penalties are also defined in this section. Sentencing guidelines are revised in this chapter and the penalties are made harsher.SEC is also given the power to freeze large or shadowed payments (Einhorn 18). There are a number of factors that led to the adoption of the rather controversial measures towards ensuring disclosure and accuracy of financial records. Prior to the implementation of the SOX the auditing firms were self regulated (McAlevey 45). There was considerable levels of conflict interest as they were complex with companies in more than one way. They were therefore not in a position to challenge the companies on financial matters for it may have led to poor work relations in other areas they were involved in.Audit committees were also blamed for the crisis that led to the development of the SOX as they did not perform their responsibility as investor representatives with maximum efficiency (McAlevey 56). A number of causes for failure and crumble of some of the corporations were in the line of negligence of duty and lack of the required expertness in handling business complexities. Management also had a considerable degree on audit committees and thus the integrity of their reports was self-styled even before they were presented. The SEC was underfunded before the American public realized its importance to the overall development of the economy.The federal allocations to this programs have since doubled as a way of ensuring that they effectively deal with issues and threats to the financial stability of public corporations. Securities analysts had multiple roles that presented a conflict of interest (Niskanen 123). The security analysts could make recommendations on whether to sell or buy and at the same time provide financial assistance for companies who are in need of financial assistance. There is the possibility that the analysts could make decisions and recommendations that will ensure that he unfairly gains from the deals.Misle ading bank practices may also lead to confusion by other investors. For instance, when a number of banks lend money to a corporation other investors may assume that the financial position of such a company is guaranteed (Griffin & Walton 10). When such companies collapse as it was the case in Enron, investors in the bank and those who had invested in the corporation suffer losses. Moreover, stock volatility coupled with the bonus and stock option practices increased the pressure on companies to manage their earnings. Segregation of DutiesOne of the major recommendation of the SOX was the need to segregate duties (Griffin & Walton 29). The need for segregation is often seen to be associated with increased accountability as the overlaps associated with non-segregation are eliminated. Furthermore, the risk of inappropriate action on individuals or groups is minimized since each and everyone has clearly defined roles and failure in their part can be traced to them. The first step in ens uring accountability is adopting a segregation approach. The segregation of jobs must be adopted by the entire organizations and documentation of its adoption ensured.Segregation of duties is not all about the physical implementation of tasks since the flow of finances has to be described fully, clarifications made and assurances that no one person has overall control over all aspects in any financial transaction made. The process of formulating such a diverse and rather complex system of operations requires time and expertise if the systems is to achieve any success. It is worth noting that though the implementation of the system may be near perfect, if the initial formulation is done ineffectively the undivided systems will lack in aspects that may prove to be critical in ensuring its success.The organization has to be studied and learnd before any changes are proposed. Since these are changes that are per the requirement of the law for public institutions there is little that organizations can do to avoid implementing this law (Griffin & Walton 92). The organizations must analyze their processes and their outcomes including their behavior. The qualifications of the available human resource has to be ascertained and the organizations ability in implementing a segregated approach ascertained.A thorough analysis of the collected information will ensure the development of teams and allocation of responsibilities for each and every outgrowth of the organization who will then be answerable on all issues relating to these responsibilities they have been assigned. The implementation of such a system is as important as the formulation phase. The application of relevant controls and milestones to be met will ensure that the developments achieved as a result of the implementation of such systems is quantified and relevant corrections or improvements made to ensure continued success.The controls should ensure that whistle blowers and those that are unwilling in pr omoting illegal activities are protected from the wrath of criminals (Griffin & Walton 24). Therefore, the adoption of systems that will ensure whistle blowers are protected should go in line with the formulation and implementation of the segregation approach. Convergence to International Standards The implementation of the SOX led to improvement in laws and policies regarding financial disclosure that made them more similar to international standards.Furthermore, there is increased effort by the FASB, which develops accounting standards for topical anaesthetic use to converge the standards to the IASB (Eisen 42). It should be noted that even though the IASB standards are increasingly being adopted by a number of countries the FASB has significant control on their standards. One notable difference in the standards is that the LIFO systems is not used in the international standards while they are allowed by the US. Standards, thus reporting of income statements takes on different fo rmat which may affect the analysis of financial statement by investors and stakeholders (Eisen 42).Moreover, the international systems is more principle based when compared to the US systems which can be considered to be regulating based. The FASB bases their approach on the fact that the real accounting world has ceaselessly many a(prenominal) excommunications and a principle based system will never be able to give a full description of actions that may be employed in all situations (Eisen 43). Equity Method of Accounting Accounting is a diverse area of study that is continuously changing as per operations requirements (Eisen 34).Financial irregularities and fraud has taken on a new dimension and thus the accounting principles and procedures have also been forced to change in order to address the change in financial trends. enthronisation in common stock is one of the fastest growing areas, many investors are channeling their resources to acquiring common stock and IPOs have become national events while the capital markets is one of the most highly traded market there is. The equity rule of accounting is used for investments in common stock if the investor possesses over one fifth of the large(p) voicing stock of other company in which he has significant influence.Generally accepted accounting principles require that reporting using the equity method when an investor corporation has significant control over the operations and finances of an investee corporation. Significant influence is determined by representation on the board of directors, active participation in formulation of policies, intercompany transactions, interchange of managerial personnel and dependence on technology. It is generally assumed that an investor has significant control if over 20% of the outstanding common stocks of the entity are in his possession.This holds true unless there is sufficient evidence to prove otherwise (Eisen 100). The equity approach to accounting reflect m ore on the economic aspects than the legal aspects involved in investing in legal stocks of other companies. When the equity approach to accounting is employed, the initial records of the stock investments is done at cost. The investments accounts will then have to be adjusted to ensure that the investor plowshare of income and losses after the date of acquisition are up to date. This investor share is used in coming up with the net income of the investor in the period as reported by the investee (Eisen 51).The methods is in line with the accrual method of accounting for its implementation ensures the intelligence of revenues when they are earned and losses when incurred. Dividends current by the investors are not reported as dividend income but are a reduction on the carrying amount associated with investment. Therefore, the application of equity methods of accounting ensures that investments accounts give a reflection of the investors equity relative to investee net assets. An exception to this rule of revenue recognition is the recognition of revenue without change in working capital (Eisen 34).In the investors statement of income, the proportion of the share of the net income of the investee is reported as a single line entry except inn situations where the investee possesses tremendous materials that would affect the investors net income statement. Such materials would be reflected as extraordinary materials in the investors income statement. The method therefore eliminates intercompany profits and losses (Eisen 43). Any excess give for shares over their book value of the purchased subsidiary must be identified and if need be amortized or depreciated (Eisen 90).In cases where the investor owns over half of the investees outstanding stock a consolidated financial statement for the group is presented (Eisen 110). The relationship is considered an affiliation as the investee can exercise control over the operations of the investee (Eisen 111). The equit y method is used in the presentation of financial reports for loose subsidiaries in a consolidated financial report. If the parent company is preparing unconsolidated reports then the investments in the subsidiaries are reported through the use of equity accounting.The application of equity accounting methods is continuously being adopted in accounting circles due to an increase in corporate ownership. Capitalism is characterized by increased investments in joint ventures and therefore it is becoming common place for major corporations and private investors to have stake in more than one company. Multinational companies may have considerable influence on local companies whose stock they posses and therefore the application of equity accounting finds relevance in such cases. Income tax accruals and Deferred Income taxesOne of the most important decisions that has to be made by businesses before they start operations regards the basis of their bookkeeping which can either be on an ac crual or bullion basis. The accrual system is where the income is recorded as when it is earned without considerations on whether it will be have or not. The expenses are also recorded as per when they were accrued without considerations on whether they will be paid. Taxpayers are not necessarily required to use a specific method by the Internal revenue service (IRS) (Eisen 32).However, the stock markets and other bodies may require public companies to strictly use the accrual basis in stating their incomes (Eisen 60). The IRS requires that the method used when a taxpayer first files his tax returns should be used consistently thereafter and any changes in the system must be approved by the IRS. If an investor own more than one business the use of different methods of accounting is allowed, though they must be kept separate from each other as each business is treated as separate entity.Even though the use of any method is allowed there are restriction to the use of the cash method in that corporations with a gross receipt of over $5 zillion excluding the S corporations, partnerships that partners with such corporations and tax shelters are all excluded from the use of cash system of accounting (Eisen 22). When using the accrual method, incomes must be reported in the tax year they were earned and expense deducted in the same manner. The time of payment is disregarded in either case and has no bearing on the nature of the results.For taxation purposes, income is reported when earned, due or payment is genuine depending on which one comes first. Therefore, recording of income is done when events that lead to their reception have occurred and the amount associated with the revenue or expense can be determined with pinpoint accuracy. Advance payments for services that will be received later are charged in the same long time that they are received. This scheme changes if there is an agreement that the completion of the service will be in the next fiscal years t hereby the recognition of the income is included in the next years records.The postponement of realise payments cannot go beyond one year. If any part of the service will go beyond the next year, all advance payments will have to be recorded in the year the receipt will be made and none of it would appear in the next years records. Advance rent income can only be recorded in the years that they are received and can never be postponed. If a business provides a business agreement for a property that it owns, advance income associated with such property can be postponed.However, this is only applicable in cases where the business also earns income from properties that do no have service agreements in their course of operations. There are a few special rules that have been formulated with regards to handling advance payments regarding agreement for future sales. on a lower floor normal considerations the payments are recorded when they are received but this is not so in this alternati ve system. chthonic the alternate system the advance payments in earlier years and the recordings include payments in gross receipt according to the rules of the method used.Furthermore, it is advisable to record the advance payments in the years that any part of the advance payments has been included. Under the accrual system expense are reported when liability has been fixed, the amount involved has been determined clearly and economic performance has occurred. If expense is incurred in receiving a service, economic performance is considered to have been incurred when the service is provided. When property has been delivered, economic performance is said to have been incurred (Pratt & Niculita 102 ).For expenses that are related to interest, the passage of time marks economic performance. In areas of compensation of services, economic performance is said to have occurred when the contractors are rendering their services. Moreover, under the accrual system expenses are only deduct ible in the years they apply though they can still be charged on the years they are paid if the benefits they generate are applicable for a time of over one year. If business expenses or interest are owed to persons related as per the definition of related in income tax, and the related person handle