music and its effects on life :: essays research papers

The exercises that music has on life are unimagineable. medicinal drug has been widely recommended as a technique to enhance thepsychophysical state of participants in sport and exercise. However, there is scant scientific evidence to clarify its proposed benefitsThe purpose of this reputation was to present the conceptual frameworkunderlying the psychophysical effects of music, to discuss published findings since the follow of Lucaccini and Kreit (1972), and toconsider limitations in previous research. Certain generalizations about the effects of music emerge. First, it appears that synchronization of submaximal exercise with musical accompanimentresults in increased work output. Second, music apparently reduces the rate of perceived exertion during submaximal exercise. Third, music tends to enhance affective states at both medium and high levels of work intensity. However, the effect of asynchronous music in contributing to optimal arousal is unclear. Based on a review ofrela ted literature, it was concluded that appropriately selected music can enhance enjoyment levels and adherence to physical activity.The psychophysical effects of music has become an area of increased interest amongst sports researchers during the remainder decade. Selected research has demonstrated that music has significant psychophysical benefits during physical activity (e.g., Boutcher & Trenske, 1990 Copeland & Franks, 1991 Lee, 1989). These studies have shown that listening to music can produce ergogenic effects in terms of improve motor performance and increased aerobic endurance, and can also enhance the exercise experience. The proposed mechanisms through which music produces psychophysical benefits include lowered perceived effort, arousal control, alter affective states, and a synchronization effect. By contrast, however, other studies have shown that music has no psychophysical benefits (Patton, 1991 Schwartz, Fernhall, & Plowman, 1990).Studies which have examined the s ynchronization of movement with music have consistently shown an ergogenic effect (Anshel & Marisi, 1978 Michel & Wanner, 1973 Uppal & Datta, 1990). However, a greater number of studies which have examined the effects of asynchronous (background) music have produced equivocal findings in that some studies identified psychophysical effects (e.g., Boutcher & Trenske, 1990 Copeland & Franks, 1991), whereas other studies (e.g., Patton, 1991 Schwartz, Fernhall, & Plowman, 1990) showed no effects.