Lessons from Enron: Bad Management, Negative Consequences

One of the guile little examples of bad counsel, Enrons collapse according to the economist (2002) was a result of bad precaution and poor purpose-making of the canvased invoice true Andersen in discourse the account of the companionship. The primary root of Enrons collapse was bad direction and the condition of the management to delegate scrutinizeing and method of be responsibilities to a firm that they have elect. The dependence of the scrutiniseing firm on the management in force creates the break in the accounting and auditing moral philosophy in order non to stomach an all- as well as important account much(prenominal) as Enron, they would need to abide by the decisions of the management.The leave out of volitionpower of Andersen to question the unethical practices of Enron do it flagitious in the same air as Enrons managers. This led a domino and cascading effect in the somatic world of America the disposal scrambling to catch for opposite compan ies who are overly concealing in their auditors books, the deadening of the auditing and accounting profession, lack of trust in companies, and investor apprehension. The collapse of Enron was largely a decision by the lift management which besides involves its accountants to provide a bogus instruction of finances to make Enron confront ilk a profitable association.Auditors of Enron on the new(prenominal) hand, have sought to protect the conjunction by shredding incriminating documents. From an agency speculation perspective, the role of the Enrons top management to that of the shareholders is one that is governed by the principle that managers willing act in a mien that will benefit the owners or shareholders of the comp each (Abrahamson and Park, 1994). In essence, what happened to Enron was that the managers or the agents gained too a good deal power and the shareholders did not perform its help of overseeing the op date of referencetions of their company.Fundam entally, what the shareholders and the managers who did not suck commence in the Enron s squirtdal could have by means of was to have the government to appoint an auditing or accounting firm that will monitoring device the monetary movement of the company. In this way, accountants and auditors will not be obliged to embrace what the top managers would want them to do. Managers need to be wary of decisions made by the top management or their colleagues. To a substantial extent, appointments should be made independent of the managers.In an era where auditing and accounting fraud are prevalent, managers can protect themselves by safeguarding their companies among their peers. References Abrahamson, E. and Park, C. (1994) Concealment of blackball organizational outcomes An agency theory perspective. academy of Management Journal, 37 1302-1334. Barefoot, JA. (2002). What can you bunco from Enron? How to know if you are creating a clime of rule-breaking. ABA Banking Journal, 94. The Economist. (2002) The Lessons from Enron. 362, 8259 9-10. Retrieved 1 July at http//www.csupomona. edu/smemerson/PLS499%20Greed_Need/Enron. doc. Appendix 1. Enron phrase Title THE LESSONS FROM ENRON , Economist, 0013-0613, February 9, 2002, Vol. 362, Issue 8259 Database Academic inquisition Elite Section Leaders THE LESSONS FROM ENRON afterwards the energy firms collapse, the entire auditing regime ineluctably radical change THE mess good keeps spreading. Two months after Enron filed for Chapter 11, the reverberations from the Texas-based energy-trading firms negativekruptcy cleverness have been expected to fade instead, they are growing.On Capitol Hill, politicians are engaged in an fact-finding orgy not seen since Whitewater, with the cull pinned diversely on the companys managers, its directors, its auditors and its bankers, as well as on the Bush administration then on anybody except the hundreds of congressmen who queued up to subscribe campaign cash from Enron . The only wanting ingredient in the scandalso remoteis sex. The effects are also touching Wall Street. In the prehistorical(a) few hebdomads, investors have shifted their trouble to other companies, making a frenzied appear for any dodgy accounting that capacity reveal the next Enron.Canny traders have base a lucrative new dodging swap a firms stock compendious and then spread rumours about its accounts. such(prenominal) companies as Tyco, PNC Financial Services, Invensys and veritable(a) the biggest of the lot, worldwide Electric, have all suffered. Last week Global Crossing, a telecoms firm, went bust amid claims of obscure accounts. This week shares in Elan, an Irish-based drug maker, were pummelled by worries over its accounting policies. All this power create the impression that corporate financial reports, the quality of company profits and the step of auditing in America have curtly and simultaneously deteriorated.Yet that would be wide of the signal the d eterioration has actually been apparent for roughly years. A growing body of express does indeed suggest that Enron was a strangely egregious case of bad management, jerry-built accounts, shoddy auditing and, quite probably, out proper fraud. tho the bigger lessons that Enron offers for accounting and corporate establishment have long been familiar from foregoing scandals, in America and elsewhere. That makes it all the much urgent to respond now with the right reforms.Uncooking the books The place to start is auditing. Accurate company accounts are a keystone for any proper capital market, not least Americas. Andersen, the firm that audited Enrons books from its inception in 1985 (it was also Global Crossings auditor), has been suggesting that its failings are representative of the satisfying professions. In fact, Andersen seems to have been unusually culpable over Enron shredding of incriminating documents just forwards of the investigators is not soon enough a general habit.But it is also true that this is only the in style(p) of a string of corporate scandals involving terrible audit failures, from Maxwell and Polly Peck in Britain, through Metallgesellschaft in Germany, to Cendant, Sunbeam and eat up Management in America. In the past four years alone, over 700 American companies have been forced to restate their accounts. At the heart of these audit failures lies a point of business relationships that are bedevilled by wilful incentives and conflicts of interest. In theory, a companys auditors are ordained independently by its shareholders, to whom they report.In practice, they are chosen by the companys bosses, to whom they all too ofttimes become beholden. Accounting firms frequently sell consulting services to their audit clients outer auditors whitethorn be hired to senior management positions or as immanent auditors it is far too easy to play on an individual audit partners fear of losing a lucrative audit assignment. Against suc h a background, it is little wonder that the quality of the audit often suffers. What should be done? The near radical change would be to take responsibility for audits away from buck private accounting firms alto get downher and give it, lock, stock and barrel, to the government.Perhaps such a change may yet become requisite. But it would run risks in terms of the quality of auditors and it is not eer so obvious that a government agency would manage to escape the conflicts and mistakes to which private firms have so often fall prey. As an intermediate step, however, a simpler vestige is to take the job of choosing the auditors away from a companys bosses. Instead, a government agencymeaning, in America, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)would appoint the auditors, even if on the basis of a bring up recommended by the company, which would continue to pay the audit fee.Harvey Pitt, the new chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, is not yet willing to be an ything like so radical. He has been widely attacked because, when he acted in the past as a lawyer for a number of accounting firms, he helped to fend off both(prenominal)(prenominal) reforms. Yet he now seems gain to make at least some of the other changes that the Enron scandal has shown to be necessary (see pages 67-70. ) Among these are much maddenedr statutory mandate of the auditing profession, including disciplinary powers with real bite.Hitherto, auditors have managed to get away with the fiction of self-regulation, some(prenominal) through peer reappraisal and by edental professional and oversight bodies that they themselves have dominated. in that respect should also be a ban on accounting firms offering (often to a greater extent profitable) consulting and other services to their audit clients. some other good idea is mandatory rotation, all four years or so, both of audit partnersso that individuals do not become too committed to their clientsand of audit fir ms. The most effective peer review happens when one firm comes in to look at a predecessors books.The SEC should also ban the practice of companies hiring managers and internal auditors from their external audit firms. In search of let out standards Then there is the issue of accounting standards themselves. Enrons behaviour has confirmed that in some areas, notably the treatment of off-balance-sheet dodges, American accounting standards are too lax date in others they are so normative that they have lost sight of broader principles. sometime(prenominal) attempts by the Financial Accounting Standards climb on to improve standards have often been stymied by vociferous lobbying.It is time for the SEC itself to visit more rigorous standards, although that should often be through sound principles (including paying less attention to single numbers for earnings) or else than overly detailed rules. It would also be good to come up with internationally agreed standards. Although audi t is the most press area for change, it is not the only one. The Enron walloping has shown that all is not well with the ecesis of many big American companies. oer the years all sorts of checks and balances have been created to correspond that company bosses, who supposedly act as agents for shareholders, their principals, actually do so.Yet the cult of the almighty head executive, armed with sackfuls of stock options, has too often pushed such checks aside. It is time for another(prenominal) effort to realign the system to draw more in shareholders interests. Companies need stronger non-executive directors, paid enough to devote proper attention to the job genuinely independent audit and remuneration committees more powerful internal auditors and a separation of the jobs of chairman and chief executive.If corporate America cannot deliver break out governance, as well as mitigate audit, it will have only itself to blame when the public backlash proves both fierce and unplea sant. PHOTO (COLOR) ________________________________________ Copyright of The Economist is the topographic point of Economist Newspaper Limited and its surfeit may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. denotation Economist, 2/9/2002, Vol. 362 Issue 8259, p9, 2p, 1c. souvenir Number 6056697

'African Americans from 1865 Essay\r'

'African Americans have fought a smashing struggle to become a luck of society in America. Since being taken from African as slaves in the 1600’s there has been a continuous battle for comparison since. Since the abrogate of slavery unappeas able-bodied Americans have had m some(prenominal) accomplish workforcets along with hardships. In this paper I will plow about of the Major events in African American account statement beginning with the end of slavery which has lead to the America we bang today. In 1865 sex act passed the thirteenth Awork forcedment stating” neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for offensive whereof the companionship shall have been duly convicted, shall exist indoors the United States, or any turn up subject to their jurisdiction” this was the outlawing of slavery and resulted in the open the Freedmen’s situation to do creator slaves.\r\n chair Lincoln and some some early(a) Re usuala ns were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation, which in 1863 state the barrendom of slaves in ten band together states then in rebellion, would be seen as a temporary war measure, since it was establish solely on Lincoln’s war powers. The Proclamation did not free any slaves in the border states nor did it destroy slavery.[1] Because of this, Lincoln and other supporters believed that an amendment to the Constitution was needed. In numerous break dances of the South, the brand-newly freed slaves grueling under conditions similar to those existing forwards the war. The spousal relationship lacey could offer and limited nurseion to the ex-slaves, and Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, clearly had no interest in ensuring the independence of southern disgracefuls. The new professorship’s appointments as g incessantlyyplacenors of southern states create conservative, proslavery governments. The new state legislatures passed law s designed to go by scorchs in poverty and in positions of servitude. chthonian these so-called obtuse codes, ex-slaves who had no quiet employment could be arrested and ordered to dedicate stiff fines.\r\nPris onenessrs who could not pay the snapper were hired out as realistic slaves. In some argonas, gruesome barbarianren could be ram tear downd to serve as apprentices in local industries. opprobriouss were as well as prevented from buying agri acculturation and were denied fair wages for their work. This became the beginning of the Reconstruction. The Freedmen’s power was designed to help former slaves make the transition from slavery to freedom after the urbane war. It was a dry landal chest mostly involving disastrouss of the old federation ( Lowe, 1993). The Freedmen’s post Bill, which created the Freedmen’s federal agency in march 1865, was initiated by prexy Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the urbane War.[2] The Freedmen’s berth was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, a elegant War hero sympathetic to blacks.the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.\r\nTheir responsibilities include introducing a arranging of free effort, overseeing some 3,000 instructs for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts surrounded by the usually discolor landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for blacks in state philanders. The Bureau was renewed by a congressional bill in 1866 alone was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who intellection it was un original. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government specify black rights. relative passed the bill over his veto. Southern puritys were fundamentally opp osed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been speedily disbanded and most of the soldiers appoint to the Western Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 take aims for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for blacks in state courts.\r\nThe Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some o f its goals, in particular in the field of education. frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. There is much more than African American has to get well and many victories and defeat, In the process of fight for equality in 1909 The National Association for the procession of Colored People is make uped in youthful York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. Du Bois.\r\nFor the next half(a) century, it would serve as the country’s most influential African-American cultured rights organization. In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was launched. Among its well known tip were James Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume. passim the 1920s and 1930s, the association led the black courteous rights struggle in fighting injustices much(prenominal) as the denial of pick out rights, racial viol ence, disparity in employment, and erupt national facilities. Dedicated to the goal of an incorporated society, the national leadership has always been interracial, although the social station has remained predominantly African American. The Harlem renascence flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s.\r\nThis literary, artistic, and intellectual causal agent fosters a new black cultural identity. afterwards the American elegant war, liberated African-Americans searched for a safe place to explore their new identities as free men and women, they found it in Harlem. Also known as the newfangled Negro Movement was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual movement that began in Harlem, New York after World War I and ended around 1935 during the Great Depression.\r\nThe movement raised significant issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. In 1939 the NAACP established as an inde pendent legal arm for the civil rights movement the NAACP Legal disproof and upbringing Fund, which litigated to the ultimate judicature brown v. Board of facts of life of Topeka, the case that resulted in the high court’s marches 1954 school-deseparatism decision. The organization had also won a significant victory in 1946, with Morgan v. Virginia, which madely barred separationism in interstate travel, setting the stage for the Freedom Rides of 1961.\r\n1954 dark-brown v. Board of preparation case: strikes down segregation as unconstitutional. Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African American girl, had been denied permission to attend an principal(a) school only five blocks from her home in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to put down her at the nigh school, assigning her instead to a school for nonwhite students some 21 blocks from her home. Separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites were maintained by the Board of Education in Topeka. Linda Br own’s p arents filed a lawsuit to force the schools to admit her to the nearby, but segregated, school for white students. The Board of Education’s defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood.\r\nThe board also argued that segregated schools were not neccessarily harmful to black children; great African Americans such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and George Washington Carver had overcome more than just segregated schools to come through what they achieved. The request for an injunction put the court in a difficult decision. On the one hand, the judges agreed with the in effect(p) witnesses; in their decision, they wrote: Segregation of white and one-sided children in frequent schools has a poisonous effect upon the modify children…\r\nA feel of inferiority affects the motivation of a c hild to learn. [8] On the other hand, the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed illuminate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, and no Supreme accost ruling had upturned Plessy yet. Because of the precedent of Plessy, the court felt â€Å"compelled” to overtop in favor of the Board of Education. [9] The Supreme solicit struck down the â€Å" recite but equal” doctrine of Plessy for exoteric education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and require the desegregation of schools across America.\r\nThe Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require desegregation of public schools by a specific time. It did, however, produce the permissive or mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. [13] It was a monstrosity step towards complete desegregation of public schools. Even partial desegregation of these schools, howeve r, was tacit very far away, as would in short become apparent.\r\nThe next year 1955 A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally polish off for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. two white men charged with the crime are acquitted by an all-white control board. They afterward boast about committing the withdraw. The public evil generated by the case helps spur the civil rights movement (Aug.). quaternionteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi on August 24, 1955 when he reportedly flirted with a white shatter at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped till, beat him, and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till’s murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging civil rights movement. Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the â€Å"colored section” of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). She was arrested and convict ed of violating the laws of segregation, known as â€Å"Jim Crow laws.”\r\nMrs. Parks appealed her conviction and thence formally challenged the legality of segregation. In receipt to her arrest Montgomery’s black community launch a successful year-long bus boycott. Montgomery’s buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. 1963Martin Luther might is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,” which advocated nonviolent disobedience. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is go to by about 250,000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation’s capital. Martin Luther King delivers his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream” speech. The march builds momentum for civil rights legislation (Aug. 28). Despite Governor George Wallace physically blocking their way, Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at the University of Alabama.\r\nFour young black girls attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the sixteenth part Street Baptist Church, a popular arrangement for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths (Sept. 15). 1964 President Johnson signs the cultured Rights effect, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation’s benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to hover in America. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.\r\nAn act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the territory courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relaxation against discrimination in public accommodations, to take place the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the deputation on Civil Right s, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. Passage of the Act ended the act of â€Å"Jim Crow” laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be â€Å"separate but equal” was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights\r\nReferences\r\nOf Du Bois and Diaspora: The quarrel of African American Studies. Michael A. Gomez journal of Black Studies , Vol. 35, No. 2, Special Issue: choke off to the Future of Civilization: Celebrating 30 geezerhood of African American Studies (Nov., 2004), pp. 175-194 print by: Sage Publications, Inc.\r\n expression shelter uniform resource locator: http://www.jstor.org/ durable/4129300\r\nThe Freedmen’s Bureau and local anesthetic Black Leadersh ip\r\nRichard Lowe\r\nThe Journal of American History , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998 make by: Organization of American Historians\r\nArticle Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080411\r\nHarlem conversion: Art of Black America\r\nHarlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. by studio apartment Museum in Harlem Review by: George C. Wright\r\nThe Journal of American History , Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 253-261 Published by: Organization of American Historians\r\nArticle Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2078660\r\nHarlem Renaissance. by Nathan Irvin Huggins\r\nReview by: Charles T. Davis\r\nAmerican Literature , Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 138-140 Published by: Duke University Press\r\nArticle Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2924561\r\nMary, E. Q. (2000). African-american history and culture / african-american history and culture: An on-line encyclopedia. The Booklist, 96(12), 1130-1132. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/2354655 16?accountid=32521 Horne, G. (2006). TOWARD A TRANSNATIONAL query AGENDA FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN record IN THE 21st CENTURY. The Journal of African American History, 91(3), 288-303. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194472189?accountid=32521 Dr. martin luther king, jr.’s ‘ earn from a birmingham jail’. (1997, Jan 16). Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/369387622?accountid=32521\r\n'

'When The Urinary System Fails Health And Social Care Essay\r'

' convening riddance of urinary or renal wastes is a basic map that nearly people stimulate for granted ( ceramist & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . When the urinary trunk fails to attain powerful, virtu all toldy all organ establishments pull up s light upons be finally involveed. For this design, intercessions designed to mesh renal troubles and failures ar of paramount splendor in my arrangement which is in the nephritic ward. As a shelter in the nephritic ward, understanding and a feeling to all clients ‘ demands be of signification.\r\nFor this paper, a specialised clinical scenario that ordinarily happens in the nephritic ward is chosen. This office is urinary sh be contagious disease as a matter of the catheterisation. The ground for taking this clinical border is that this is really greenness yet if left hand untreated spate present proficient flaw to the unhurried.\r\nBody\r\nUrinary meet of attain transmittances or much normally referre d to as UTIs atomic number 18 prudent for much than 7 trillion physician visits a twelvemonth and atomic number 18 the around ordinary hospital-acquired ( nosocomial ) infections in m either states ecumenic ( Foxman, 2002 ) . Many instances of urinary makeup of bring infections result from catheterisation or surgical use. Although some(prenominal) different micro-organisms may do this status, Escherichia coli body the to the highest percentage point common causative pathogen, responsible for 80 % of unsophisticated infections. Bacteria in the body of water or bacteriuria may take to the spread of beings into the kidneys and blood stream, taking to urosepsis ( ODonnell & A ; Hofmann, 2002 ) .\r\nMicroorganisms most normally enter the urinary instal of land through the go uping urethral path. Bacteria inha piece of music the distal urethra, external genital organ, and vagina in vainglorious females. Organisms enter the urethral meatus easy and go up the inner m ucosal delineate alonging to the bladder. Womans are more susceptible to infection be example of the propinquity of the anus to the urethral meatus and because if the short urethra ( tinker & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . Catheter interpellation is the primary election riskiness factor for nosocomial urinary charm of land infections. Womans and recovered patients are at increased pretend for catheter-associated urinary piece of land infections, tho several some some other circumstances factors exist. Pre-existing chronic un tumesceness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating mode or late in hospitalisation are each associated with increased lot of urinary piece of land infections ( Crosby, 2005 ) . In resolve forces, prostate secernments that contain an bacteriacide substance and the length of the urethra bring batch overmaster the susceptiblenesss to urinary piece of land infections. older grownups and p atients with winive implicit in disease or decreased unsusceptibility are too at increased prospect.\r\nIn a healthy individual with a good bladder map, beings are blushing(a) out during invalidating. Residual gain in the vesica becomes more alkalic and is an grand point for micro-organism growing. Any interpolation with the unfreeze flow of urine dissolve do infection. a kinked, obstructed, or clamped catheter and any status ensuing in urinary care addition the hazard of a vesica infection.\r\nIn the infirmary scene, urinary piece of land infections occur as a consequence of catheterisation. Each twelvemonth, urinary catheters are inserted in more than 5 million patients in acute-care infirmaries and extended-care installations. Urinary piece of land infections are the 2nd most common nosocomial infections in infirmaries in europium and the first in the United States ( Martin, 2001 ) . Catheter-associated urinary piece of land infection ( CAUTI ) is the most common nos ocomial infection in infirmaries and nursing places, consisting [ is greater than ] 40 % of all institutionally acquired infections. Nosocomial bacteriuria or candiduria develops in up to 25 % of patients necessitating a urinary catheter for [ is greater than or equal to ] 7 yearss, with a day-to-day hazard of 5 % . CAUTI is the 2nd most common cause of nosocomial blood stream infection, and surveies by Platt et Al. and Kunin et Al. suggest that nosocomial CAUTIs are associated with easy increased institutional decease footsteps, orthogonal to the happening of urosepsis ( Tambyah, 2001 ) .\r\nFor centuries, the urethral catheter strategy consisted of a tubing inserted through the urethra into the vesica and deadened into an unfastened container. The unsympathetic in(p) catheter system was create in the 1950s and is still in usage today ( Zweig, 2000 ) .\r\nUTIs are the most common nosocomial infection, accounting for 40 % of all hospital-reported infections and impacting abo ut 600,000 patients yearly. Catheter interpolation is the primary hazard factor for nosocomial UTIs. Women and aged patients are at increased hazard for catheter-associated UTIs, but several other hazard factors exist. Pre-existing chronic unwellness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating room or late in hospitalization are each associated with increased hazard of UTIs. UTIs besides add to the costs of fear by protracting hospitalization by 1 to 4 yearss and increasing the institutionalise costs of intervention by an estimated $ 593 to $ 680 per infection ( Crosby, 2005 ) .\r\nThey may affect a urosepsis, which carries a mortality rate that may be every bit high as 25 to 60 % . They frequently occur in patients with an native urinary catheter. The lms and external surfaces of the catheter are the paths for bacterial entry into the vesica. For rule outing infection, the care of a unlikable unfertile waste pipe sys tem is descri fundament as the most prospered method. A closed drainpipe system was described for the first clip in 1928, and its benefit was appreciated much later on ( Martin, 2001 ) .\r\nExcluding rare hematogenously condescendd pyelonephritis, ca utilise about entirely by Staphylococcus aureus, most micro-organisms doing endemic CAUTI derive from the patient ‘s ain colonic irrigation and perineal vegetations or from the custodies of health-care forces during catheter interpolation or use of the assemblage system. Organisms addition entrance fee in one of two ways. Extraluminal befoul may happen early, by direct vaccination when the catheter is inserted, or subsequently, by beings go uping from the perineum by capillary action in the thin mucose movie spry to the external catheter surface. Intraluminal taint occurs by wane of micro-organisms deriving entree to the catheter lms from failure of closed drain or taint of make in the aggregation mantrap ( Tambyah, 200 1 )\r\nCatheterization of the vesica involves presenting a gum elastic or plastic tubing through the urethra and into the vesica. The catheter provides a uninterrupted flow of urine in patients who are unable to command micturition or those with obstructors. It besides provides a delegation of measuring urine end proceeds in hemodynamically unstable clients. Because vesica catheterisation carries the hazard of urinary piece of land infections, obstruction, and injury to the urethra, it is preferred to trust on other steps for either specimen aggregation or direction of incontinency ( thrower & A ; Perry, 2004 ) .\r\nThe usage of urinary catheters should be avoided whenever viable. Clean intermittent catheterisation, when practical, is preferred to long- term catheterisation. Suprapubic catheters offer some advantages, and rubber catheters may be appropriate for some work forces. While clean handling of catheters is of import, commonplace perineal cleansing and catheter ir rigation or reparation are uneffective in get rid of bacteriuria. Bacteriuria is inevitable in patients necessitating long-run catheterisation, but merely diagnostic infections should be treated. Infections are normally polymicrobial, and earnestly sick patients imply therapy with two antibiotics. patients with spinal cord hurts and those utilizing catheters for more than 10 old ages are at greater hazard of vesica cancerous neoplastic disease and nephritic complications ; occasional nephritic scans, urine cytology and cystoscopy may be indicated in these patients ( Zweig, 2000 ) .\r\nRecommendations\r\nBuild up of secernments or incrustation at the catheter interpolation site is a beginning of annoyance and possible infection. The nurses, in order to avoid such a state of affairs, moldiness come forth perineal attention and hygiene at least twice daily or as needed for a patient with a keeping catheter. Soap and urine are impelling in cut downing the figure of beings arou nd the urethra. The nurse must non by chance progress the catheter up into the vesica during cleansing or hazard presenting bacteriums.\r\nIn add-on to workaday perineal attention and hygiene, many establishments root on that clients with catheters receive particular attention at least three times a twenty-four hours and later on laxation or gut incontinency to assist inform uncomfortableness and infection.\r\nKeeping a closed urinary drainage system is of import in infection control. A break of serve in the system can take to debut of micro-organisms. Sites at hazard are the site of catheter interpolation, the drainage bag, the tap, the tubing colligation, and the junction of the tubing and the bag. In add-on, the nurse has the business to supervise the patency of the system to keep pooling of piss within the tobacco pipe. Urine in the drainage bag is an first-class fair for micro-organism growing. Bacterias can go up drainage tubing to turn in pools of piss. If this pis s flows back to the patient ‘s vesica, an infection will probably develop.\r\nSuggestions for ways to veto infections in catheterized patients are the undermentioned:\r\n fall good manus hygiene techniques.\r\n view as non let the tap on the drainage system to touch a contaminate surface.\r\nMerely usage unfertile technique to roll up specimens from a closed drainage system.\r\nIf the drainage tubing becomes disconnected, do non touch the endpoints of the catheter or tube. Wipe the terminal of the tube and catheter with an antimicrobic solution in the lead reconnecting.\r\nEnsure that each client has a separate receptacle for mensurating piss to forestall come home taint.\r\nPrevent pooling of piss in the tube and reflux of piss into the vesica.\r\nAvoid acme the drainage bag above the degree of the vesica.\r\nIf it becomes necessary to raise the bag during rapture of a patient to a bed or stretcher, clamp the tube or empty the tube contents to the drainage bag foremos t.\r\nProvide for drainage of piss from the tubing to the bag by fix the tube.\r\nEmpty the drainage bag at least every 8 hours. If elephantine end products are noted, empty more often.\r\nPromote unstable consumption, if it is non contraindicated. Inclusion of cranberry juice has been shown to diminish the attachment of bacteriums to the vesica protect and to catheter lms.\r\nRemove the catheter every bit short as clinically warranted.\r\nTape or procure the catheter suitably for the patient.\r\nPerform familiar perineal hygiene per bureau indemnity and after laxation R intestine incontinency.\r\nGood wellness depends in particle on a safe environment. Practices or techniques that control or prevent contagion of infection aid to protect persons, curiously patients and wellness attention workers from disease. Patients in all wellness attention scenes are at hazard for geting infections because of lower opposition to infective micro-organisms, increased exposure to Numberss and types of disease-causing micro-organisms, and invasive processs.\r\nIn acute attention or ambulant attention installations, patients can be receptive to pathogens, some of which may be revolting to most antibiotics. By practising infection obviate and control techniques, wellness attention workers can avoid distributing micro-organisms to patients and fellow wellness attention workers. In all scenes, the patients and their households must be able to acknowledge beginning of infections and be able to establish protective steps. Patient learning should hold information refering infections, tact of transmittal, and methods of bar.\r\nThe first major progress for forbid CAUTI since the wide-scale acceptance of closed drainage 35 old ages ago is the learning of catheters with antiinfective surfaces. These progresss should non be considered the concluding reply, nevertheless. Other engineerings that should be pursued implicate new, more powerful antiinfective stuffs ; microbe -impervious antireflux valves ; urethral stents ; conformable ( collapsable ) urethral catheters ; and vaccinums for intestinal Gram-negative B and staphylococcus. Antiseptics are utmostthermost more likely than bactericides to confabulate greater opposition to come up village and non to choose for infection with antimicrobial-drug immune bacteriums or barms. New surface engineerings that release far greater measures of ionic Ag or other antiinfective agents into the aqueous environment warm to the catheter surface might even forestall CAUTIs caused by intraluminal contaminations ( Tambyah, 2001 ) .\r\nPrevention of catheter-associated UTIs is more effectual, strangely for inwrought catheters, than trusting entirely on antimicrobic agents. ( 8 ) The most effectual pattern intercessions for cut downing catheter-associated UTIs include placing patients who no longer necessitate indispensable catheters, sing other catheterisation options or options to catheterisation, and suppl y patient and health professional development when long-run indwelling catheterisation is needed ( Crosby, 2005 ) .\r\n reduce the clip a patient is catheterized can be accomplished by magisterial reminders to reexamine the continuance of catheterisation for each patient. In add-on to pattern intercession, the pick of catheters and relate equipment can besides cut down UTIs well. Other methods of catheterisation should he considered before infixing an indwelling catheter. Catheterization options are ground on the ground for catheterisation and the expected continuance of demand. Other options include condom catheters for males, suprapubic catheters for patients who require long-run indwelling drainage, and intermittent catheterisation for patients with spinal cord hurts. Patients who must utilize an indwelling catheter should hold a closed catheter system with a dwarfish catheter. Manufacturer ‘s recommendations for rising prices and deflation, system care, procuring the catheter, and decently positioning the drainage bag below the patient ‘s vesica should be followed. Preventing incrustation and obstruction are besides really of import. Following these stairss and decently keeping closed drainage catheter systems has been shown to well cut down the hazard for UTI ( Crosby, 2005 ) .\r\n compendious and Conclusion\r\nPatient safety should be the figure one concern before, during and after each process in any infirmary. A elaborate cognition of the epidemiology, based on equal surveillance methodological analysiss, is necessary to understand the pathophysiology and the principle of interference schemes that have been demonstrated to be effectual. In my country of work which is in the nephritic ward, the rules of general preventative steps such as the execution of criterion and isolation safeguards should be reviewed.\r\nUrinary catheterisation can do many wellness jobs. Options to catheterisation should be used whenever possible. Decrease of c atheter-associated UTIs is based chiefly on preventative infection control patterns. The victor of the nurse who patterns infection-control techniques is measured by finding whether the ends for cut downing or preclude infection are achieved. A equivalence of the patient ‘s response, such as absence of febrility or development of lesion drainage, with expected results determines the success of nursing intercessions.\r\n'

'Law on Obligation and Contracts Reviewer\r'

'CAUSES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATION 1. wages or per piddleance 2. Loss of the social occasion receivable 3. Condonation or remittance of the debt 4. wateriness or merger of compensates of creditor and debitor 5. pay 6. Novation I †PAYMENT OR cognitive process PAYMENT means non notwithstanding the lurch of m cardinal and wholly(a)y but in any case the performance, in any other mood of an financial covenant. How moldiness(prenominal) the recompense be do? 1. There mustinessiness be hand overy of the matter or rendition of the redevelopment that was contemplated. a. The debitor of a issue cannot engage the creditor to go for a contrasting one although the latter may be of the resembling value as, or to a greater extent precious than that which is referable. . In stipulation to do or not to do, an portrayal or patience cannot be substituted by another act or forbearance against the creditors give. c. In stipulation to give generic thing who se tonus and circumstance have not been stated, the creditor cannot subscribe a thing of superior fibre neither can the debitor deliver a thing of inferior quality. The theatrical role of the compact must be interpreted into consideration. d. If the bargain is a monetary responsibility, the remuneration must be in reasoned tender. 2. The defrayal or performance must be concluded. Exceptions: 1.\r\nIf the pledge has been substanti wholey performed in goodly faith, the debitor may reform as though thither had been complete fulfillment less damages suffered by the creditor. 2. When the creditor accepts the performance knowing its incompleteness or irregularity and without expressing any protest or purposeion. Who must make the recompense? defrayal must be made by the debitor who must possess the interest: 1. the free disposal of the thing due; and †the stead must not be subject of any claim by trinityly somebody. 2. the capacity to alienate the thing. †debtor must not be unable(predicate) of giving admit otherwise the hire is pervert.\r\nPayment by a triad somebody The creditor is not bound to accept retribution or performance by a ternary someone bar in the following cases: 1. when thither is a stipulation to that effect 2. when the trine somebody has an interest in the fulfillment of the covenant (example: guarantor) Rights of a third someone who makes the compensation a. honorarium with friendship and consent of the debtor 1. third person can cure what he has paid from the debtor 2. third person is entitled to be subrogated in the beneficials of the creditor b. payment without the knowledge or against the will of the debtor 1. e can be restored wholly insofar as the payment has been beneficial to the debtor 2. he is not entitled to subrogation Payment by a third person who does not necessitate to be reimbursed -The payment sh both be deemed to be donation which requires the debtor’s consent. To whom shall payment be made? 1. to the creditor 2. to the creditor’s successors in interest 3. to any person authorised to experience payment Payment to an wildcat third person General draw rein: Not valid Exceptions: 1. Payment has redounded to the win of the creditor; 2. Payment is made in good faith to a third person in possession of the credit. Where payment must be made? 1.\r\nIf there is a stipulation, then in the transport designated. 2. If there is no stipulation a. to give fixed thing †wherever the thing must be at the time the bargain was constituted. b. to give generic thing or an obligation to do †domicile of the debtor Special forms of payment 1. Dation in payment (Dacion en pago) †it is a special form of payment where the self-will of a property belonging to the debtor is transferred to his creditor to a debt in money. 2. Application of payment †it is the designation of the debt to which payment shall be applied when the debtor owes several (prenominal) debts in party favour of the same creditor. lunge: . the debtor is given the preferential amend to apply the payment designates the debt to be paid. 2. if the debtor does not make the designation, the creditor makes it by indicating the debt beingness paid in his receipt. 3. if neither the debtor nor the creditor makes the designation or application: a. payment shall be applied to the debt which is the most hard b. if the debts be the same †to all debts pro rata 3. Payment by ceding †it is the forsaking or assignment by the debtor of all his property in favor of his creditors so that the latter may sh be them and recover their claims out of the proceeds. Requisites: . there must be dickens or more creditors; 2. the debtor is insolvent; 3. the debtor abandons all his properties 4. the creditors accept the abandonment Note: The cession or assignment operates only to elapse the creditors to sell the debtor’s property, hence, ownership is not tr ansferred to them. 4. techy of payment and consignation Tender of payment is the act of the debtor of go to his creditor what is due him. Consignation is the act of depositing the sum or thing due with the judicial regimen whenever the creditor refuses without equitable cause to accept the same, or in the cases when the creditor cannot accept it.\r\n perfume of consignation duly made -The debtor may request the judge to order the cancellation of the obligation. The obligation shall be extinguished after the creditor has accepted the consignation or the judge has decl ard that the consignation has been properly made. When consignation, without a introductory tender of payment, will publish the same effect: 1. the creditor is absent or unknown or does not expect at the place of payment. 2. the creditor is incapacitated to receive the payment at the time it is due. 3. when, without just cause, he refuses to give receipt. 4. two or more persons claim the same right to collect.\r \nII †LOSS OF THE THING collectable A. concept A thing is considered befuddled when it perishes, or goes out of commerce, or disappears in such a way that its cosmos is unknown or cannot be recovered. B. personnel on the obligation 1. Loss of a determinate thing General approach pattern: obligation is extinguished. Exceptions: a. when the loss is due to the rift of the debtor. b. when the debtor has incurred in delay. c. when so provided by law. (ex. The debtor promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest. ) d. when it is stipulated by the parties. e. hen the nature of the obligation requires the supposal of risk. 2. Loss of a generic thing †the loss of destruction of anything of the same var. does not extinguished the obligation. C. Creditor’s right if the loss is caused by a third person †if the obligation has been extinguished by the loss of the thing, the creditor shall have all the rights of act which the debtor may have against third persons by reason of the loss. III †CONDONATION OR REMISSION OF DEBT A. Concept Condonation or remission is the gratuitous abandonment by the creditor of his right. In plain language, this refers to the forgiveness of indebtedness.\r\nTo extinguish the obligation, it requires the debtor’s consent. B. Kinds of condonation or remission 1. as to the sum or extent a. marrow †when the total obligation is remitted. b. Partial †when only part of the obligation, or only the addition obligation is remitted. 2. as to form a. stub out †one made orally or in writing. b. Implied †one inferred from the conduct of the parties. C. Effect of condonation or remission 1. The remission of the read/write head debt extinguishes the accessory obligation. 2. the remission of the accessory obligation does not carry with it that of the question debt. IV †CONFUSION OR MERGER A. Concept\r\nConfusion or merger is the concussion in on e person the qualities or the character of creditor and debtor. B. Effect of merger when there is guarantor 1. Merger which takes place in the superstar debtor or creditor benefits the guarantors. both(prenominal) the principal obligation and the guaranty are extinguished. 2. Merger which takes place in the person of the guarantor does not extinguish the obligation, only the guaranty is extinguished. V- COMPENSATION A. Concept requital is a mode of extinguishing an obligation when two persons, in their own right, are debtors and creditors of each other. B. Kinds of compensation 1. as to kernel or extent a.\r\nTotal †when the debts are of the same amount. b. Partial †when the debts are of different amount. 2. as to cause or inception a. legal †it takes place by summons of law and extinguishes both debts to the concurrent amount even though the debts are collectible at different places and the creditors and debtors are not aware of the compensation. Requisites: 1 . That each one of the obligors be bound principally, and that he be at the same time a principal creditor of the other. 2. That both debts consist in a sum of money or if the things due are consumable, they be of the same kind, and also of the same quality if the latter has been stated. . That the two debts are due. 4. That both debts be liquidated and demandable b. impulsive or conventional redemption †takes place by agreement of the parties, such as when they agree to the compensation of debts which are not yet due. c. Judicial †compensation order by the court. d. Facultative †compensation that may be claimed or opposed by one of the parties (such as when not all the requisites for legal compensation cannot take place) VI †NOVATION A. Concept It is the modification or extinguishment of an obligation by another, either by: a. changing the object or principal considerateness; b. ubstituting the person of the debtor; or c. subrogating a third person in the r ights of the creditor. B. Requisites of novation 1. there must be a previous valid obligation. 2. there must be an agreement between the parties to modify or extinguish the obligation. 3. the extinguishment of the old obligation. 4. the validity of the freshly obligation. C. Kinds of novation 1. as to object or theatrical role a. Real or objective †novation by changing the object or principal condition. b. Personal or subjective †novation by wobble of the parties (debtor or creditor). a) substituting the person of the debtor (always with the creditor’s consent) 1.\r\nExpromision †third person initiates the substitution and assumes the obligation even without the knowledge or against the will of the debtor) 2. Delegacion †debtor initiates the substitution, which requires the consent of all parties ( pilot debtor, creditor and naked debtor) b) Subrogating a third person in the rights of the creditor. Kinds of Subrogation 1. Conventional subrogation †change of creditor by the agreement of the parties. 2. Legal subrogation †subrogation by operation of law. 3. Mixed subrogation †change of object and parties to the obligation. 2. as to form a.\r\nExpress †novation tell in unequivocal terms. b. Implied †when the old and fresh obligation are on every point incompatible with each other. 3. as to extent a. Total †the old obligation is totally extinguished. b. Partial †the old obligation still remains in force except as it has been modified. D. Effect if new obligation is void If the new obligation is void, the novation is void. In such case, the original one shall subsist. E. Effect if original obligation is void The novation is void if the original obligation is void. If the original obligation is void, there is no obligation to extinguish since it is non-existent.\r\n'

'Egyptian Architecture\r'

'Egypt: Art and room decoratorure Architecture The owing(p) architectural achieve handsts of the past be construct of stone. Stone quarries supplied the declamatory blocks of granite, limestone, and gritstonestone that were use for custodytal synthesis synagogues and grave accents. Architects planned c atomic number 18fully as construct was done with step up mortar, so the stones had to dep dodge precisely together. Only columns were utilise to suffer short stone supports. At the synagogue of Kara, a ramp of adobe brick washstandister be seen leading to the whirl around of the temple w e very(prenominal)(prenominal). frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) ramps were utilize to allow workmen to carry stones to the top of edifice and allow artists to decorate the excel of walls and towboats. Pillars were build in the said(prenominal) means. As height was added, the ground was raised. When the top of the pillar was accomplished, the artists would decorate from the top down, removing ramp sand as they went a huge. As soon as a pharaoh was named, construction on his tomb was begun. Tomb twist continued throughout his look and stopped nevertheless on the day on which he died.As a result, some tombs be real large and finely decorated, while former(a)(a) tombs, compar satisfactory that of baron Tutankhamen, are small because he ruled as a pharaoh for such(prenominal)(prenominal) a short time. The architecture was base upon perpendicular structures and inclined planes since thither was no tutorial assistance except the specialism and balance of the structure itself. For this drive, the square and the plumb-line were truly important tools. One of the more or less historied and lasting achievements of the past Egyptians are their pyramids. The size, design, and structure of the pyramids reveal the skill of these superannuated builders.The pyramids were keen monuments and tombs for the kings. The Egyptians believed that a kings soul continued to pass away affairs of the kingdom even by and by his demise. To ensure that they would continue to enjoy the blessings of the gods, they uphold the pharaohs dust through the mummification process. They make the pyramids to protect the pharaohs lugg bestride compartment, the pyramid was a symbolisation of hope, because it would ensure the pharaohs union with the gods. The largest pyramid in existence is the keen Pyramid construct by King Cheeps ( blow) at Gaza.The big(p) Pyramid measures 481 feet high, by 775 feet long at each of its four bases. Other luminary pyramids include the Step Pyramid construct for King Sore, and the pyramid built for King Hunt, that was a transition between the stride pyramid and the smooth lookd pyramid we subsist today. The art of the Egyptians reflects e rattling aspect of their lives. pictured in tomb and temple drawings are scenes of e reallyday living, models of battalion and animals, meth figures and containers, and jewelry made from gold and semi-precious stones.The wall and pillar drawings are perhaps the best be intimaten. In these drawings, it laughingstock be seen that people are going well-nigh the everyday problem of baking, fishing, boating, marketing, and meeting together in family groups. Such drawings were ilkwise used to help the out of work individual to live forever by vainglorious them all of the instructions they would need as they met the gods on their way to eternal biography. The full(a) deeds were recorded ND the art that surrounded their mummified system was to help their unearthly self in solving the problems tie in to biography after death.Pictures of food, clo thing, servants, and slaves could be used by the deceased Just as the real things were used by the person when living. A variety of perspectives is often unite in Egyptian art; however, the side view is the some often seen. The artists used bright colors of blue and red, orange and pureness to d evelop pictures that tell of the life of the deceased individual. The artist would former(a) animated cartoon a design on a section of pottery, and if the sign was satisfactory, it would be sketched on the wall with charcoal. Colors could past be used to fill in the completed picture.Paints were made from naturally occurring minerals and artificially prompt mineral substances. Paint brushes were sticks with fibrous wood with frayed ends. Walls were covered with mud plaster, then with lime plaster. By the time of Rammers II, artists were able to shade colors to achieve a beded effect. Wall rougeings were then saved by a thin layer of varnish (the composition of which is still non known). Sculptors were important artists in Egypt. Statues were made of kings, queens, scribes, animals, and gods and goddesses.Frequently, clement and god standardized attri entirelyes and symbols were combined. The work of the artist was seen in other media as well. Alabaster, a white and transluce nt stone, was often used for devising vessels and containers. Pottery was made of ceramics and clay. Pottery glassed with minerals was used to make beads, amulets, pendants, and other Jewelry. A vivid blue glaze was very popular during the reign of Rammers II. Craftsmen made glass for inlayer designs and for some containers. Workers were able to make articles out of lead, gold, silver, and copper.Such metals were used to make pins, tweezers, razors, axes, knives, spears, sculptures, and Jewelry. The stability of the governance during the reign of Rammers II allowed the skills of the artist and architect to flourish. Religion was often the assailable of Egyptian literature. Prayers and hymns were written in praise of the gods. The most important halt was â€Å"The Book of the Dead. ” This book contained over 200 prayers and magic formulas that taught the Egyptians how to pass on a happy time to come. The Egyptians as well wrote fortuity stories, fairy tales, myths, lo ve stories, poems, proverbs and quotes.\r\nEgyptian architecture\r\nAncient Egyptian Architecture The Egyptians choose survived for thousands of years, and are considered to be the hallmark of merciful civilization. They are the first known glossiness to energize a steadfast hostelry for such a long dot of time. The reason their society was so stable is because they all believed in the same thing, which was that the gods were the first priority and that their pharaoh was a man who ascended to the direct of a god. A nonher reason that the Egyptians survived for so long was because their architectural prowess was preposterous for thousands of year by each other civilization.Not notwith stand up do buildings and statues show us how great the Egyptian kingdom was, merely it in comparable manner begets us and enormous nub of cleverness into their market-gardening and what they treasured; and what they value above all, and what drove them to build such monumental perf ormances of architectural achievement was the futurity. The time to come was the sole reason many of Egypt great building were made, such as the untimely Masters, the Pyramids, the Valley of the Kings, and much more.In Egyptian culture the gods were closely tied in with the afterlife as they decided whether or not you could pass through to the other side, so come acrosstingly the Egyptians as well build huge temples to honor their gods. All Egyptians architecture was created with a purpose, whether it be to please the gods or their kings. The Egyptians were in any case very avid sculptors they sculpted life size representations of their nobility and kings in their prime. perusal these sculptures and their architectural achievement can delve the contemporary innovation amazing piths of insight into their culture.The Egyptians were so obsessed with the afterlife that they built special tombs to insure that the dead kings or noblemans body would not be tampered with. The e arly Masters were Just a useful way of burying their kings and nobility in sound keister that would insure their safe passage into the afterlife. They were built on the westmost side of the Nile River, which to them was a symbol of death; it was the place where the sun fell into the underworld. (COM) They were not meant to be very megabyteiose as they were only if a rectangular building with sloping sides.They meant to be functional. Inside the burying chamber of the Master was the preserved body of the death along with tangible items from their lives such as pets, food, and furniture. They even went as farthermost as to bury the noblemans or kings slaves along with the body so they have mortal to serve them in the afterlife. To make the afterlife seem even more like real life the architects even had artists paint the walls of the burial chamber with real life events.All these factors such as the slaves, food, and material good make it clear that the Egyptians not only res pected the afterlife exactly it nearly seems like they looked forward to it. The know were very functional simply they were not give out for a god, which was the status that the pharaohs and kings of Egypt had achieved, so the Egyptians replaced he masters with the pyramids. These were the functional equivalent of the masters, however they were grand ample to hold the body of a god. The most well know pyramid is The Great Pyramid of Cheeps (Chuff).This is the largest of the tierce pyramids of Gaza and home to Chuff. His tombs is massive, but he is the only one in the entire tomb. This pass on reinforces the idea that the pyramids were built for gods, they were so grand that no one else was precious enough to be laid to rest in it. Even Chuffs wives were not allowed to be bury in his pyramid. They were buried in masters near his tombs. This along with the idea that Chuff was considered to be a god could likewise show that women were not as exceedingly regarded as men wer e in ancient Egypt.The pyramids where not only a place worthy to bury a god, but they were also a place that is worthy of praise by any architect, mathematician, engineer, or astronomer of the modern era. Chuffs pyramid was the tallest standing structure in the world for thousands of year, not only that, but it is also the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient world that is still standing. Along with those accolades the Pyramids of Gaza are also perfectly aligned with the stars. All these things give a lot of insight to into what the Egyptians valued other than Just the gods and afterlife.Without math and cognizance the Egyptians would not have survived for as long as they did or been capable of building such amazing structures. It is easy to dissolve that they theme very highly of math, curiously geometry to put so much political campaign into the subject; so much motility in fact that their knowledge of the subject would be unmatched for thousands of years. Along with geometry the Ancient Egyptians valued astronomy, if they did not they would not have bothered to align the structures they build with the stars.This liaison astronomy could be because they associated their god with the celestial sphere and paid shelter to them by building their structures in accordance with the sky, but there could also be a much simpler answer; they could have built the pyramids that way simply because they could and to show any other civilization that they were superior. Whatever the answer may be the pyramids not only showed the modern world where the Egyptians buried their kings, but it also taught them a great deal close to what they cared close to in terms of education.The Egyptians were not only great architects but they were great sculptors. The best practice would be The Great Sphinx at Gaza. This along with an amazing feat of Architecture is an equally amazing piece of art. The Great Sphinx of Gaza is an anthropoids, which meaner that it has the bo dy of a king of beasts and the head of a human, in this lineament the head of a pharaoh. Like most buildings made by the Egyptians the Sphinx is a tribute to the pharaoh as well as the gods, but this building had a specific purpose.It was built prat a temple and was think to guard the temple. This gives us a roll into how the Egyptians perceived their gods. The Egyptians didnt hint of their gods as foreign deities that ruled over them, but they thought that the perchd in the world with them, and by building the Sphinx of Gaza they thought that a god would reside in the Sphinx itself and protect the temple. The sphinx doesnt only see in sculptures but it also appears in many paintings as well.In most painting, like the one shown below, the sphinx is shown as a dreadful creature that is fighting and destroying its opponents. Many archeologist think that the sphinx was representative of the pharaoh and if this is true it can encourage explain why the Egyptians people were so loyal to their king. Another thing we can infer from this picture and the eternal other paintings and sculptures of the human and animal hybrids is what the Egyptian culture thought about animals. They Egyptians regarded animals very highly and associated them with power and strength.This is evident when you range to pay attention to how the Egyptians depicted their gods, for example Anabas who was the god that watched over the dead and the mummification process was depicted with the body of a man and the head of a Jackal. Another example is Amman Ra the sun god who watched over all the other gods supposedly had the body a man and the head of a falcon. The Egyptians greatly respected the power of animals and that maybe the reason that their gods and pharaohs where often associated with animals.Egypt is known for their colossal architecture, but that is not the only place that we can learn about their society from. Their lowly sculptures can also tell us a great deal about how th ey their society functions and society was structured. For example the amount of information that can be equanimous from this subculture is staggering. To begin with there were hundreds of sculptures exactly like this found in the Egyptian ruins, and the age of hose sculptures varied by hundreds of year.This meaner that whatever these sculptures are trying to say is very meaning to the Egyptian people. The first thing you notice when you begin to examine the statue is the mans stance. He has one leg in drift of the other indicating that he is moving forward. This shows that the men were the leaders of society in Egypt. With further examination you notice that the womans shoulder is idler the mans, almost as if she is hiding behind him for protection, which indicates that it was a mans duty of protect any woman in his life whether it be his wife or sister.You can also infer what the men and woman looked for in spouses and what the ancient Egyptian society valued. For the men they had to be physically strong and fit as represented in the sculptures. The women had to be fit and slim as well, which is unlike from most ancient cultures, who wanted their women to be bigger to ensure that she could birth muscular babies. Studying the sculptures left behind by the Egyptians is a great was of learning about their society. The Ancient Egyptian society is the great society that has ever existed.The debility in their culture was because they all believed in the same thing and hey all acted according to their beliefs. They also built their architecture according their beliefs, the pyramids existence the best example. It shows how they treated their kings who was also considered a god. It is also a great parable for their society. The base of the pyramid represents the slave and tip represents the pharaoh, and the middle represented the nobility and working class. It is information and representation like this that allows us to envision what their society and cultu re was like.\r\n'

'A tale of two airlines case Essay\r'

'As prof Roger McPherson’s continue to go through the security member a second time dragged on into its third hour on this mould daylight in 2002, ( altogether passengers had to be rescreened upon the baring that one of the assembly linedrome screening machines was unplugged) he was reminded of another delayed business turn on and the role that information technology contend in the story.\r\nAt 5:30pm on February 15, 1995, 200 feet withdraw the ground, professor Roger McPherson gazed longingly through the fog as his carpenters flavorless moved to touch down at Hartsfield Airport in Atlanta, more than 1 hour and 15 heartbeats late. He had 30 legal proceeding to catch his 6:00pm flight to London, where he would be run across with the executive leadership of a major(ip) British power conjunction to hash out their information strategy.\r\nHe felt fortunate, however, to be flying this carrier, which had a reputation for superior armed service. He was even mor e favorable because he had a full-fare number 1-class fine and was a Gold Card member. Professor McPherson was always uneasy about the everywherelarge premium charged for full, glorious tickets, notwithstanding knew that in a crunch it much meant the difference between a making a linkion and missing one. He well remembered a decade ago flying this air duct from Milan to London to connect to a flight to clean York. adult weather then had also trim his 1-hour-and-30-minute connect time to 10 proceedings. A discussion of the problem with the first-class cabin attendant had resulted in a shout call from the pilot to London (the airline’s hub city), and a car to pip him and one other passenger to the New York flight, which took pip only one minute late. That extraordinary service had made Professor McPherson a 10-year devotee of the airline.\r\nIn the entanglement age, he knew it would be different and he was secure. The airline flying to London would defend id entified him off their computer as a close-connecting passenger. It would have noted he checked no bags through, and it would be anxious to capture his $2,500 fareâ€about 10 times that of\r\nthe average passengerâ€on an only moderately loaded flight.\r\nAs his flavorless pulled into the render at 5:40pm, he knew it would be tight solely he would make it, particularly habituated the fact that all planes were coming in late. Moving his 57-year-old frame into a murky recollection of a high instruct 400-meter specialist, he set off. Two moving stairway rides and one train ride later, the logic gate came into sight and he braked to a guard at 5:53pm. It was close, but he had done it.\r\nLooking through the airport window, however, he was stunned to expect the air bridge detached from the plane with gauzy teutonic efficiency 7 proceedings early. The door to the bridge was closed, no component was in sight, and he was reduced to beckon his bags through the window to the pi lot 20 yards away (it had, after all, worked once in a similar situation on Continental Airlines).\r\nAlas, by 5:58pm the plane was pushed back, and the agents emerged and quite cheerfully (and unregretfully; they had no intimation who he was) booked him onto another airline that would leave 1 hour and 45 minutes later. He would be 30 minutes late for his meeting in London, but the executives would understand. Distinctly irritated, he straggled off to the new airline’s first class lounge to begin a frantic series of phone calls and faxes to the unify Kingdom. As he trudged through the airport, McPherson began to moderate the beginning of a lecture on service in the network economy and the fact that technology is only a small enabling piece of a total service concept.\r\nAt 7:50pm, comfortably seated in the first-class cabin of his new carrier, McPherson jerked to attention as the captain came on to announce that because of a leak in the hydraulic system, there would be a n aircraft change and a two-and-one-half-hour delay. Sprinting off the plane, McPherson realized that the meeting with the power company executives, planned three months ago, would be over before he got there. The following day he was due in capital of Kentucky to give the keynote address at a major information systems conference.\r\n flight of stairs to the join Kingdom to connect to capital of Kentucky would be a hassle and superfluous since the purpose of stopping in the United Kingdom was at a time totally negated. Glancing up at the qualifying board, McPherson was surprised to see a 7:55pm boarding departure for a plane to Frankfurt, nine furnish away. Pulling into the gate at 8:02pm, he discovered several things:\r\n1. The plane was at the gate, and with commendable dispatch the gate agent relieved him of his London boarding pass and his London-to-Frankfurt ticket and hustled him onto the plane minutes before the door closed.\r\n2. The cabin attendant, tolerant him his favorite drink, explained that because of favorable tail winds across the Atlantic and the fact that eight passengers (plus now McPherson and one other) had very tight connections, they had inflexible to hold the plane for 15 minutes to get the extra passengers and still fetch on schedule. The note of pride in the cabin attendant’s express was evident.\r\nOne-and-a-half hours later, appropriately wined and dined, McPherson drifted off to sleep, reflecting on what a remarkable case study had contend out in front of him in the previous two hours. Information technology, trading operations strategy, management control, an empowered (also unempowered) work force, and service management had been interwoven into a tableau. A revised format for his speech in Frankfurt began to emerge. Best of all, he would not have to go through a case release process because it had all happened to him.\r\n'