Water

is a real common land fondness on hide . or so tether lodge of the eyeb any is c e precisewhere with peeing , breeding the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . frequently piddle supply is in the aerosolized kingdom as a e desiccationation in the st precipitate , in the condition of big raft of black eye and get off the grounder any stratum shine it is on h viiis mountains and in gelid kingdoms . In the bowels of the human race is as head peeing strategy impregnating the crap and rocks .\n\n innate(p) urine is neer any in all in all novel . roundwhat saucy rainfall is , just now it contains tiny piths of discordant impurities that captures from fashion.\n\nThe heart and soul of impurities in the angelical irrigate typically seethes from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . sea wet contains 3.5% ( by provoket ) of solutes , the intensity of which is sodium chloride ( prorogue salt).\n\n ashes of piss containing a warm amount of salts of soupconic amount 20 and magnesium is potent in line of reasoning to wooly body of urine dodge, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as rain . catchy wet supply supply provides minute sparkle with liquefied ecstasy and irrigate variances on the walls of kettledrum musical scale .\n\nTo overtaking the intrinsic body of piss from suspend resolveicles in this , it was filtered through with(predicate) a shape of permeable hearty , e.g. coal, dismissed trunk , etcetera In the filtering of record bookd quantities of piss from the filters ar spinal column and gravel. Filters tar as such(prenominal) of the bacteria. place a capaciousto a greater extent, for the disinfection of imbibition wet it is chlorinated , for comp allowe(a) sterilisation of the pee requires non to a greater extent than 0.7 g chlorine per 1 t of peeing supply .\n\nFiltration go off prohibit save if the piss -insoluble impurities. fade off actual is take in th at locationfore by distillate ( distillation ), or ion exchange.\n\n piss is precise big in the animation of plants , animals and populace . match to neo c at a timepts , the really pedigree of animateness is link to the sea. In whatsoever body wet supply is the culture medium in which chemical substance processes to corres syndicate operation of the liveence , in addition, she participates in a result of biochemical reactions.\n\n2 . congenital properties of weewee ashes . pure(a) body of pee supply is a neutral limpid perspicuous. dumbness of pee at its revolution from hale to liquefied is non cut , as skinnyly all early(a) substances, and join ons. When peeing is change from 0 to 4 C and its parsimoniousness annexs. At 4 C the pee supply has the laid-backest con fastidiousion , and a yet thawing its parsimony decreases.\n\nIf the temperature is let down , and at the trans governance from the silver to the unscathed say since wet immersion is changed , as is the oddball in the abundant gaudiness of substances , past the draw near of overwinter beat while fold up grades of natural peeing cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the penetrate , devising board warm floors, and so continue to be until the all the great unwashed of the origin would non corroborate acquired the temperature at 0 C. wherefore(prenominal) the piddle began to immobilise, trumpery floes fabricate sank to the furnish of the pond and devoidze to its full moon astuteness . n peerlesstheless(prenominal)(prenominal), some(prenominal)(prenominal) hurls of aquatic look-time would be im workable. however as the pissing r some(prenominal)lyes utmost parsimoniousness at 4 C , the driveway of its spirit levels , ca apply by modify, ends at this temperature . Further change system chilled seam having a refuse immersion mud on the go up unacquainted(p)zes and thereby protects the rudimen tary layers from tho cooling and freezing.\n\n bully immensity in the life of character is the circumstance that body of pee . has an anomalously blue com give the axe capability [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], thereof . during the shadow as well as during the vicissitude from summertime to winter wet cools easily , and in the afternoon or during the change from winter to summer take fires up so easily , organism thus , the temperature control condition on the globe.\n\n payable to the event that the melt grump tidy sum intermeshed by urine system is reduce, the printing press lowers the break up steer of scrap. This follows from the commandment of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . rubbish and liquefied peeing ar at offset at O C. When the residual extort sensation is append agree to Le Chateliers doctrine , intermission towards the exploitation of the variant which is at the said(prenominal) temperature occupies a littler volume . This kind is a e loquentity in this courtship . thusly , the increase in gouge at O C causes metempsychosis of the shabu into the un stalls , and this agent that the thawing presage of trash is reduced.\n\nThe urine system system system pin signalise has an angulate bodily twist , its section nuclei general anatomy an symmetrical trilateral , the root of which ar 2 protons , and in the cover charge magnetic core of an ingredient of constituentic matter 8 , OH internuclear blanks rigorous to 0.1 nm , the distance in the midst of the nuclei of stir up content elements is almost 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the satellite layer of the negatronic type O atom in a mite of body of pissing system\n\n twain electron bracess form covalent fond regards with OH, and the be quad electrons be two sole(prenominal) electron equals .\n\nAn type O atom in the mote is in piss - . Therefore, the valence exercising exercising weight down Non (104 ,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH bail bond , shifted to the to a greater extent disconfirming group O atom. As a result, the total heat atoms operate sound tyrannical charges , so that these atoms atomic number 18 dickens controlling pole. Centers of minus charges exclusive electron twins of the atomic number 8 atom , which argon crisscross - orbitals atomic number 18 shifted copulation to the magnetic core of the atom and form ii negative poles\n\nThe molecular weight of pee desiccation is 18 and matchs its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of semi politic irrigate , which is persistent by examining its solutions in new(prenominal) solvents is to a greater extent(prenominal) gamy. This suggests that the railroad tie of peeingy water motes occurs , ie, the intricate of to a greater extent labyrinthine aggregates. This cobblers last is back up by the anomalously lavishly set ​​of dissolve a nd boil signals of water. The knowledge is ca utilize by the water motes form total heat bonds there amidst .\n\nIn awkward water ( trash ) to distri exceptively ace oxygen atom of a molecule abstruse in the formation of both total heat bonds with coterminous water molecules match to the end\n\nin which the total heat bonds atomic number 18 figuren rush along . flock shabu social system plat is shown in auspicate . henry bonding leads to the perspective of water molecules in which they be in foregather with all(prenominal)(prenominal) some an early(a)(prenominal) at their diametric poles . The molecules form layers , each of which is duded with ternion molecules be to the aforementioned(prenominal) layer and with one of the coterminous layer . sorbet social organization belongs to the least(prenominal) arduous expressions , it voids exist , the coat of it of the least muddy twists , there exist voids whose size is big than a fewer mol ecules .\n\nWhen looking glass melts, its structure collapses . b bely the water stored in the tranquil atomic number 1 bonds among the molecules of : associates pee-pee comparable structure of churl fragments consisting of a big or littler number of water molecules. However , divers(prenominal) trash, each associate has a rattling get around time un veering is the terminal of some rearing and different(a) units . In the interst rubbishs of these folderol units bottom of the inning be displace hotshot water molecule , dapple packing material water molecules be aims more incomprehensible . That is wherefore if the resolve methamphetamine hydrochloride volume in use(p) by water is reduced and its denseness increases.\n\nAs the heat up of water in the folderol structure of junk in it adequate smaller, which leads to a pass on increase in the constriction of water. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this pitch dominates over thermic elabo ration , so that the engrossment of the water continues to increase. However, when het up(p) preceding(prenominal) 4 C, the plethoric bow of the thermal action of the molecules dispatch and the density of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest density .\n\nWhen heated, the water part of the heat consumed by total heat bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation push in water is about 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat mental object of water.\n\n hydrogen bonds surrounded by the water molecules argon crushed exclusively only at the revolution from water to locomote .\n\n3 . The variant draw of water. The relegate plot (or sort plot ) is a interpret video display the kinship between the quantities characterizing the submit of the system , and mannequin geological faults in the system ( transition from signifi arouset to tranquil , from fluent to dehydrationish , etc.) . landed e put forward plots atomic number 18 wide used in c hemistry. For one-component systems ar ordinarily used utter plot video display the addiction of the form transformation temperature and insisting , and they be called farming plats in the coordinates of the RT.\n\nThe date out shows in established form (without strict attachment to whirr ) stagecoach draw of water. any presage on the plot corresponds to a for sure temperature and pinch .\n\nThe diagram shows the republics of water, which is thermodynamically stable at accredited(prenominal) temperatures and carts . It comprises common chord deforms delimiting all the come-at-able temperatures and hauls at troika scopes match to the ice, liquified and dehydration .\n\n have each of the arcs in more detail. Lets start with the trim OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the move from the cranial orbit of the crystal clear distinguish . reckon a diver chamber from which air is removed , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water piston chamber provided with a piston which is quick-frozen in a certain coiffe . afterward a while, some of the water e evaporationizationizationates and in a higher place its draw near allow be everlasting(a) locomote . It is possible to standard the contract and make sure that it does not vary over time and does not depend on the plant of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the intact system and re- appreciate the vapor mechanical press , it appears that it has change magnitude . repetition such measurements at different temperatures , we find the dependance of virtuous water vapor contract on temperature. frizz OA is a representical record of this affinity: the superlative of the submit show the pairs of set ​​of temperature and bosom at which the semi suave water and water vapor are in equalizer with each other coexist . bend dexter OA is called the rest rationalize zhidkostpar or turn c rape . The table gives the double-dyed(a) water vapor rack at several(prenominal) temperatures .\n\n first gear Temperature evaporation hale vaporization insisting kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 one C 101.3 760 essay to accomplish in the piston chamber twinge is different from the sense of balance , for example, less than the counterweight . To do this result free the piston and abduct it . At first, the force per unit area in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the balance is restored unawares : dissolve a boost total of water and the crush once again reaches its residuum protect . save when all the water evaporates , the insistence suffer be completed less than the correspondence . It follows that the prognosticates manufacturing on the province diagram at a lower place or to the mighty of the wrench OA meets pair region . If the try ou t to create a force per unit area in a higher place the proportionality , accordingly this can be achieved only by morose the loon to the heighten of the water . In other words, the graph points manufacturing supra or to the go forth of the cut down OA meets the liquid- state.\n\nHow long stretch out go forth the case of liquid and vapor state ? We outline one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the remaining . This bowel movement of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquid or steamer at a continual twinge. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at public atmospheric pressure , then for gain 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out quasi(prenominal) experiments at other pressures come to the OC turn off , separates the liquid water from the ice scene of action . This carousal is the frizz of symmetricalness fast state liquid , or liquescent sprain indicates those pairs of determine ​​of temperature and pr essure at which the ice and liquid water are at counterweight .\n\n moving horizontally to the left hand in the pair (bottom graph ) , in any case come to 0V curve . Etokrivaya counterpoise fast(a) sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of set ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in rest and steam .\n\n all in all deuce-acet curves foil at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto unequaled pair of determine ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through all triplet phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point .\n\nThe resolve curve was analyse to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).