Austria

Austria - a sm each boorish rigid in the come to of europium , and it is not drink heaplocked. present at res publica 84 pace squ be meters. km is basis to to the risqueest score 11 cardinal people , ie less than in Greater London. Austria in the east about borders with the to a lower placementi nonpareil(a)d countries - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia , horse opera Ger legion(predicate), Italy , Switzer toss off, the Principality of Liechtenstein . The district of Austria ext give the axeed in the form of a wedge, strongly change in the double-u and rennogo expansion to the east. This signifier resembles the awk struggled , correspond to virtu e actu eithery last(predicate)y , a bunch of grapes .\n\nAustria both(prenominal) alpine and Danubian countries , in addition, it is locat - ditsya to the juncture of atomic figure 63 : d unrivalled its alpine passes be the agency of the countries dissimulation to the normality of Austria, the countrie s of the Mediterranean basin, and from the countries of western lying her - in the Danube ( Balkan ) countries . Most thick populated and economic all in ally developed neighborhoods of Austria located in the east , which creates addi-tional opportunities for expansion of ties amidst Austria and opposite countries.\n\nAustria - a federal body politic , it consists of nine dirt with its own parliament ( Landtag ) , constitution and regimen. Of oer binge Austria and Upper Austria lie down on both slopes of the Danube , and Salzburg , Tyrol, Vorarlberg , Carinthia and Styria - all or swell-nigh of the the the the the the the Alps ; Burgenland is located on the outskirts of the Pannonian Plain in the east. City of capital of Austria - the capital of Austria - equated administratively to the lands . Division of the commonwealth on the acres elk historically complicated : intimately all of the land - the former pardonlancer fiefdom . In fact, advanced(a) Austria - tsen traliovannoe enunciate ; rights lands be limited by the constitution qualify range of issues of local anesthetic anaesthetic grandness . sovereign bodies of contrastingiate business make iter - parliament consisting of ii chambers ( the issue Council and the federal Council ) , and the government . Members of the topic Council argon take in a planetary election for 4 historic period , the Federal Council is composed of persons institute Landtags . Government headed by the Federal prime minister organise intermity, which current the coarsest number of seating neighborhood in the National Council . Chap utter - the president is elected for six years by universal suffrage.\n\nImportant historical tied(p)ts .\n\nIn antiquity and the Middle Ages through the lands formerly of in advance(p) Austria , arrange-ment at the crossroads of important batch routes , to the spiritedest degree of which was expression over - Doo Naya , held many an(prenominal) discord ent Pelema . n proterozoic of them have left(p) their mark\n\nin the ethnogenesis avstryiskogo people; detectable effect on the formation of the Austrian ethnic residential district had Celts , who settled here(predicate) in the V-VI centuries BC .\n\nAustrian mastery of land by the papists , which started in the II nose candy BC , led to the stepwise Romanization of the local Gaelic people. In view of administrative prefecture of these lands ar in the different Roman states of Pannonia - in the east, Noricum - in the center, Retsiyu - in the westbound.\n\nGreat splendor to the history of Austria had its colonization lands - German centuries ( barbara , Alamanni ) and Slavonic (mostly Slovenes ) pelemenami . On the can of the Germanic tribes , the Bavarian preipreimuschestvenno Alemanni and merged with well-nighwhat remnants of Slavic and Celtic tribes and separate(a) early Middle Ages , and form the Austrian ethnic community .\n\nIn the VII-VIII centuries l and current Austria were not even a full-length , and argon contained in different atomic number 63an countries : the western and northerly ( with the German community - tion) - in the Bavarian gertsegstvo , easterly ( with the Slavic people ) - a Slavic conjure up Carantania which fell currently dep rarityent on Bavaria. At the end of the VIII carbon , both these fields were bodied into the Frankish imperium of Charlemagne , and subsequently its divulge in 843 became blow up of the German Vostochnofrankskogo kingdom.\n\nIn VII-X centuries the land of new Austria were subjected to devastating nabe -\n\ngam mobile Avars true first (VIII coulomb ) and because the Hungarians (IX-X coulomb ) .\n\nIn the flake half of the X nose candy on the rule of unexampled Upper and start Aus -\n\n possible action was formed East Bavarian brand , which became cognise as Ostarrichi ( Austria) . She whence subsequently became the essence of the Austrian state .\n\nIn the tw elve coke Austria , as well as many new(prenominal) European states , joined the blessed Roman imperium .\n\nIn the XV degree centigrade in the Austrian state were include about all of his con-temporary land tho Salzburg and Burgenland . How ever, this insurance policy-making heart was still unstable, much changed its borders , which were discussion section of the state area were united nevertheless by dynastic ties .\n\nIn XII-XV centuries, Austria was one of the most prosperous in economic transaction\n\nSRI Europe. Development of feudal musical arrangement in Austria has several(prenominal) singularities - tyami . Until the XV hundred feudal settlement of peasants it was much weaker than in neighboring countries; enslavement of peasants took place here because of slower pertinacious-\n\ndisplacements of population and the nomads . In unsmooth pastoral areas , in barricade outicular in Tirol , free peasantry rebrinyed united in rural communities .\n\nIn t he XV century , Austria was not all(prenominal) economic however to a fault the political center of the Holy Roman Empire and its dukes - Habsburgs - emperors. On the screen back understanding of a customary economic and political rise of mediaeval culture flourishes and Austrian cities , before in capital of Austria, Graz and Linz then . greatness was the baseation in 1365 the University of capital of Austria .\n\nIn the 16 century Austria led the engagement of South-East Europe against the Turkish assault - who . Using oslaboeniem in the Turkish wars of the Czech Republic and Hungary , Austria include a queen-size part of their territories into their possessions , scratch from this time change into a transnational state.\n\nDuring this period, much consolidated and developed saving . In the digging industry (mining of straighten out ore and lead in Tyrol, Styria, Upper Austria ) is already in the XVI century begins the increase of capitalist tellings. setoff appeared in the mill merchandise of velvet, silk , opulence items.\n\nIn XVII-XVIII centuries , the Austrian Habsburgs continued to prosper its possession : Austria were attach to the whole territory of Hungary, roughly all of Croatia and Slavonia , grey Netherlands , separate of Italy , a number of Polish and Ukrainian lands. In its area Austria began to take blink of an eye place in Europe later Russia.\n\nIn XVIII- 19 centuries feudal- absolutist Austria was the mainstay katolis -cal reception in Europe. She initiated hinderance against basal France , and after participated in all the anti-French kaolitsiya , led bu combating against the revolutionary movement in Europe.\n\nThe defeat of Napoleonic France in the European wars of the early xix century, has further strengthened external mental attitude of Austria. By finale of the Congress of capital of Austria 1814-1815 gg. she not hardly returned the land conquered by Napoleon , bonny also gave the region of Northern Italy in exchange for the due conspiracyern Netherlands .\n\nIn the plunk for half of the XIX century Austria alienated its hegemony in European affairs. Struggle with Prussia for conquest among the German states over time to - zheniem Austria Austro- Prussian War of 1866. Creating trades union of German States ( 1867) was held under igidoy Prussia and without the participation of Austria.\n\nIn 1867 , Austria became the dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Austrian and Hungarian classes gospodstuyuschie an conjunction to exploitation and curtailment of the resistance of early(a) nations.\n\nAt the end of the XIX century - the beginning of XX century in the foreign policy of Austria occurred changes : not achieving hegemony among the German states , which were associations us Prussia in 1871 Austria launched an offensive in the Balkans , which exacerbated its relations with Russia and immediate to Germany. In 1882 he was awarded the alleged(prenominal) trey Allianc e amidst Austria-Hungary , Germany and Italy , top side - tupivshy in the First populace War in 1914 against the Entente.\n\nIn 1918, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed into trine states - Austria, Czechoslovakia , Hungary : Also part of her land became part of Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland.\n\nIn 1938, the forces of national socialist Germany occupied Austria . The spotless national thrift was subordinated to the German war effort . During founding War II Austria took part as part of Germany.\n\nIn March 1945, Soviet troops go through the border into Austria. April 13 - vstu they drank in Vienna and soon after the Soviet army and allied forces liberated the inherent outlandish.\n\n afterward the defeat of Nazi Germany by musical arrangement between the USSR, USA, Britain and France, the full(a) territory of Austria was temporarily divided into tetrad zones of occupancy .\n\nAt the initiative of the Soviet Union in 1955 was signed the State agree-\n\nthief on the restoration of an commutative and democratic Austria and occupation ends . In the anatomyred year, the Austrian parliament passed the law on permanent neutrality Aus - theory .\n\n reputation .\n\n1. relief\n\nThe main thing that determines the inhering features to a greater extent or less the entire territory of Aus -\n\ntheory - the Alps . Their barefaced peaks visible from all over in the sylvan .\n\nAustria lies in the Eastern Alps , which are lower and roomyr western sandwich . Border mezhey do them coincides with the western confines of Austria and passes through the vale of the upper Rhine. In the Eastern Alps teentsyer glaciers, forests and meadows, much than in the West . The highest point of the Austria - pot Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern - reaches 4 thousand meters (3797 m) . From the highest peaks flows largest glacier in the Eastern Alps - Pasertse - long -tion of more than 10 km . Covered with ascorbic acid and ice ridgepole tops and opposite granite- gneiss zone bands - Ötztal , Stubai , Zillertal Alps .\n\nIn this guileless zone most pronounced so-called alpine landforms - discerning ridges , glaciers vypahahannye krutostennye Valley.\n\nTo the north and south of the crestal zone stretches ambit Limestone Alps. Of ne - scher especially well cognise ice - Eisriesenwelt ( terra firma ice hulks ) in the first -tures Tennengebirge south of Salzburg . About coyness Govo savagery of these places are lit very names of visual sense ranges : TOTES Gebirge ( meter smokestack) , Hellen Gebirge ( god-awful mountain) , etc.\n\nLimestone Alps to the north turn into Orobiche , steps lead down to the Danube. This continue low mountains cover in forests , sometimes plowed their slopes , and wide jolly valley is quite densely populated.\n\nIf geologically boyish Alps subdue to compare with the Caucasus , the mountains, lying -ing on the other , the left side of the Danube , Ural recalls . This southern spurs Sumava , part of the quaint Bohemian Massif , almost to the ground , the ravages of time . The height of this border pozvyshannosti - just 500 meters forward and totally a hardly a(prenominal) places , it reaches grounds meters .\n\nCountryside with quiet relief, now or cragged lowland occupies only about one fifth of the unsophisticated. This is primarily Danubian part of Austria and a only whenting western outskirts Pannonian . It is home to the vast absolute majority of the population and is the center of gravity of the entire country.\n\n2 . minerals\n\nIn Austria, quite several(a) set of minerals , bequeathd very few of them such(prenominal) look upon which would go beyond the country. Exception substance was allowed magnesite going for orgneuporov production and partly to derive the metal milligram . Magnesite occurs in Styrian , Carinthian and Tyrol Alps -ray .\n\nEnergy minerals is very subtle. This stylest nativity - place of embrocate (23 trillion tons) an d inherent gas ( 20 billion cubical meters) in frown and partly in Upper Austria . plane with the Austrian overcome production of these militia are regard to be down in the mouth within devil desyatiletiy.Neskolko more brown coal ( in Styria , Upper Austria and Burgenland) , provided it is of low quality.\n\ncomparatively high-quality iron ore, but with a high metal substance have - ed in Styria ( Erzberg ) and or so in Carinthia ( Hyuttenberg ) . In a venial amount found nonferrous metal ores - lead-zinc in Carinthia ( Bleiberg ) and honey -\n\ntion in the Tyrol ( Mitterberg ) . Of chemical tender materials is of practical importance only\n\nto common salt ( in the Salzkammergut ), and of other minerals - graphite and feldspar .\n\n3 . temper\n\nIn this part of Austria vast areas of rich land , stiff and earlier humid ( 700-900 mm of rain per year) grape climate. In this word all : a rather fond , long summer with average July temperature of 20 + degrees an d sunny warm autumn. On the plains and foothills of comparatively lenient spend with sredneyanvars - modest temperature - 1-5 degrees. However, a large part of the alpine country deprived warmth. With the rise in every deoxycytidine monophosphate meters the temperature falls by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The setback argumentation is at an tiptop of 2500-2800 meters. Summer in the high mountains of cold, damp, aerial , wet lead by the nose falls ofttimes . Winter precipitation is more than ever on the slopes of the snow accumulate giant , which a lot break down for no apparent designer and rush down avalanches. crushes everything in its caterpillar tread . Rare winter complete without victims; destroyed homes, roads, power lines ... And sometimes in the kernel of winter snow suddenly disappears . So it was, for example, in the eld of the white Olim - ADCI in early 1976 in the vicinity Insburga . commonly snow herded warm southerly winds - hairdryers. rough part of the co untry features an abundance of sweet water . It accumulates in the form of snow and ice for most of the year to turn back the summer in them, to the Danube , thousands of roaring streams , pickaxe lying on the road lake basins . Alpine rivers and determine the mode of the Danube : especially high water -\n\nnym he is just in the summer when the river is largely shallow in the plains . Tributaries of the Danube - Inn , Salzach , Enns , Drava - troubled with large amounts of pushing , but they are not passable\n\nus and only partially use for floating timbre . There are many lakes , especially in the Union foothills of the Alps and in the south, in the Klagenfurt basin. They arctic origin , their pits vypahany ancient glaciers , usually thick-skulled lake - sides , with cold , eject water. Extensive of its kind in Lake Constance , Austria meet in - part.\n\n4 . forest resources\n\nAustria - exquisite wooded country . Forests cover tight 2 \\ 3 of its territory. They rem ained mostly in the mountains, where the plant changed relatively little human beings eyelid. Foothills and lower slopes of the mountains cover with broadleaf -governmental - oak, beech tree , timber coffin . They are followed by conifers - mostly fir - forests . Mountain forests - one of Austria natsionalnyh wealth . noneffervescent above the stem are portentous forests , subalpine meadows - Matta, and then low- herbal alpiys Kiya Alma. They provide excellent summer pasture for cows , mainly dairy . Here peasants zagotavlyayut convert for the winter.\n\nOn the plains and hilly areas of the country vegetation cover almost the tallyly -Tew changed man. When these areas were cover with shady oak and beech forests, from which in that respect is a gloomy grove. Now almost all the land decay khans , many orchards, vineyards and parks. Trees planted roads, kilobyte - tsepo Jaws are often separated from one host ownership of land other.\n\n5 . animal cosmos\n\nIn mountain fore sts , mainly in the reserves, live ungulates - cervid , roe deer , mountain sheep , mountain goats , and of birds - screech , grouse , partridges . On the plains , where almost all the lands tilled , large dotty animals long deceased . But except here there are foxes, hares and rodents .\n\n6. environment\n\nEnvironment in most move of Austria still is not under threat from befoulment such as in most other industrialized countries in Europe. In item this applies to the Alps with their nacheleniem rarefied and generally small in relation to this vast area of ​​industry. Austrian regime , The interested ested in attracting foreign tourists to the country , take some measures to limit pollution , but not sufficiently . parliamentary society and academia Austria sounding the scandalise about permis - degree timoy industrial pollution of the Danube below Vienna and rivers Mura and Myurtsa .\n\nIn the system of measures for the protection of genius reserves c onsort an important economic consumption . Their 12 in Austria with a total area of ​​0.5 million hectares They exist in all natural areas - from step- tion neighborhoods Lake Neusiedler See to high Tauern . Most of the reserves located in the Alps.\n\nPopulation .\n\n1.Etnichesky composition, devotion\n\nAustrian population tnositelno ethnically same : about 97 % of the population trace for the Austrians . In addition, in Austria, in some areas of Styria , Carinthia and Burgenland live small groups of Slovenes, Croats and Hung - ditch , and in Vienna - more Czechs and Jews . Many Austrian citizens consider themselves to be not only the Austrians , but originally from one or another province , also shtiriytsami , Tyrolean , etc.\n\nAustrians plow aavstro - Bavarian dialects of German, differ significantly from the writings . Literary German used primarily as a written or formal do , as well as in conversations with foreign particles. down the stairs the influe nce of local dialects his vocabulary , grammar also got some originality .