The Princess Bride Essay -- essays research papers

In the film, The Princess Bride, directed by Rob Reiner, CaryElwes plays a farmboy known as Westley during the Middle Ages. Westley falls in love with Buttercup, played by robin Wright, wholives upon the land where he works. Buttercup also falls in love withWestley, so he sets out to find his fortune so they can be married. Ashort time later, Buttercup learns that Westley has been killed bypirates. The Prince of the land chooses Buttercup to be his bride,regardless to her feelings. Before the marriage takes place, Buttercupis kidnapped. Westley, disguised as a pirate in black, sees thekidnapping occur and chases after Buttercup. He catches up anddefeats all three of the kidnappers using his strength, skill, andsmarts. Buttercup learns of his true identity and together they dodgingfrom the evil prince. Westley is an intelligent man who makes goodchoices. He is a hero in many aspects. Buttercup, on the other hand,made some poor choices. Westley was intelligent. He displayed this char acteristic whenhe poisoned the cups of wine. He poisoned both cups to guaranteethat Vizzini, played by Wallace Shawn, one of the kidnappers ofButtercup, died. The intelligence was in the preparation. Westley hadbuilt up immunity to the poison in the beginning so that the small amount didntaffect him when he drank it, but affected Vizzini. Westley also showed intelligence when he couldnt move, butmade Prince Humperdink beli...

Easing Our Childrens Fears :: essays research papers

Easing Our Children&8217s FearsChildren today are faced with a more hostile world than the one in which their parents grew up. Because of this, today&8217s children are also experiencing greater solicitudes and worries. The fears of abuse, violence, drugs, back up, and divorce are problems most adults didn&8217t even consider while growing, yet they are prevalent among kids today. Of those fears, the fear of AIDS is one of the few which can be reduced by efforts of parents and teachers. The most effective wayto reduce the anxieties children may experience regarding AIDS is through education. The basis of most fears for children, is that of the unknown. It is the responsibility of parents and teachersalike to teach the facts active this terrible malady to our children, and through this, allay the fears our children may have regarding AIDS. By educating our children about the basics of thisdisease, how it is transmitted, and how to prevent exposure, we can clarify myths and facts , and send our children into the world with knowledge, and some control over their fears.Teaching our children about the basics of the disease can tending to reduce their fears. AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is the final stage of a disease which causes an abnormal reduction in the body&8217s natural ability to fight disease and infection. Because of this, most people who contract AIDS leave eventually die due to &8220AIDS related causes. This can occur in a stoppage anywhere from 5-15 years after exposure to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the cause of AIDS. So far, no &8220cure for AIDS has been found, but current treatments have been found to postpone the outpouring of AIDS, and prolong life. With medication and some precautions, many patients lead normal lives for years after the discovery of HIV infection.The education about the transmission of HIV will also help to reduce fears. Many myths abound about how HIV can be contracted, and this uncertainty of fa ct vs. fiction is a source of fear for many children. HIV is a blood-borne disease. This means that it can only be transmitted by exposure to blood of an infected person, or by several(prenominal) body fluids that contain blood products, much(prenominal) as semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk. The virus must also have a way into the recipient, such as through a break in the skin, or through mucous membranes. Simply skin to skin contact with an infected person is non enough to cause an exposure, unless there is a) a body fluid

How To Clean The Bathroom Essay -- essays research papers

The first thing you need to do is gather all the supplies you will need. in that respect be many different cleaners in which you will be using. These cleaners are glass cleaner, surface cleaners, soft scrub, and ammonia. You will not sole(prenominal) need cleaners but also implements to clean with. These are a mop and bucket, broom, cobweb brush, toilet brush, rags, a sponge, a squeegee and a footstep latter. Last but not least, you will need a cleaning attack aircraft carrier to put your supplies in to make it easier to move them around . In you carrier should be all the cleaners except the ammonia, the toilet brush, sponge, a squeegee and a few rags. Now that you have the cleaners in carrier you are ready to get started.Start by handlinging a web-brush to get down any cobwebs that many be in the corners of the ceiling. Fill the sink with hot pissing and let any soap dishes or toothbrush holder soak. Now get the bottle of glass cleaner, sponge, squeegee, a glass rag, and a t erry cloth rag and get into the exhibitor. Begin by spraying down the tile and use the ruff side of the sponge to loosen any soap shabu or build up. Using a terry cloth rag and sponge the tile clean. Now spray down the glass and again use the sponge to loosen any build up. Use the squeegee to take off the majority of the cleaner off and a glass rag to wipe any marks left. Make sure to look at the glass from all directions to be sure you didnt leave any marks. Polish the shower head and knobs so they shine. Now scrub floor well and wipe dry as you get out...

The Racial Contract :: essays research papers

Charles Mills The racial Contr bearTheses 8, 9 and 10I.     Thesis 8 The Racial Contract tracts the moral/political consciousness of (most) exsanguine moral agents (Most controversial chapter)a.     A naturalized account (actual) will help to lead to a prescription. Based on a racialized moral psychology (p.93) Whites act racist without even realizing it.b.     Much of the chapter is a long explanation of how whites have brutalized nonwhites (pp.98-101). Difference between cynical and realist. c.     Discussion of the Jewish Holocaust It becomes an outright catastrophe only when it is European against European. Quotes Hitler on p.106 d.     Whites who do not go along with the contract Mills argues that there is a choice for whites in the racial contract, albeit it a difficult one - p.107. Going along with things makes us all guilty. On the other hand, if we do not go along, it makes us a "race informer" (p.108).II.     Thesis 9 The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (most) white moral/political/practicea.     The invisibleness of the Racial Contract to whites, and its visibility to nonwhites, p.110.b.     The Racial Contract norms white and nonwhite persons morally, epistemically, and aesthetically (p.118). Given this, what is required for a nonwhite person?c.     First, personal struggle for personhood by overcoming the incorporation of the racialized norms (pp.118119).d.     Second, cognitive resistance thinking against the grain (pp.119-120).e.     Third, the somatic aspect of the Racial Contract a politics of the body ( eg., black is beautiful), p.120.III.     Thesis 10 The Racial Contract as a theory is superior to the raceless social contract a.  &nb sp  Virtues of the Racial Contract1.     Race should be at the center of contract theory rather than marginalized (p.

Iron Absorption From The Whole Diet: Comparison Of The Effect Of Two D :: essays research papers fc

Iron Absorption from the Whole Diet Comparison of the Effect of Two incompatibleDistributions of Daily Calcium IntakeHypothesis - If a woman distributes her daily intake of atomic number 20 by having lessof it in her lunch and dinner meals and more(prenominal) in her breakfast and evening meals,then this would reduce the inhibitory effects calcium has on heme push andnonheme crusade absorption.Background Information - This experimentation is one of many that addresses calciumsinhibitory mends on iron absorption. In 1994, the Consensus Development Panelin Optimal Calcium Intake suggested an increase of the current RecommendedDietary Al poorances of calcium(Whiting, p.77). This goal of this increase was toaid in the prevention of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Unfortunately,this attempt at prevention could have an adverse affect on the human bodysability to absorb iron.Recent studies have shown that eating a normal daily allowance ofcalcium cuts iron absorption by as mu ch as 50-60%(Hallberg et al. p.118). Otherstudies examine the affect of iron bioavailability on menstruating, pre-menopausal, and post-menopausal women(Rossander-Hulten et al and Gleerup et al).One of the fears of an increased amount of calcium intake is the increasedpossibility of anemia in women who be already susceptible to this condition.The iron inhibition by calcium is a classical subject of how the correction ofone nutritional problem can be the cause of another.The physiological mechanism of this calcium-iron relationship remains amystery, however there are two feasible theories. One states that calciumcompetes for an iron binding site on intestinal epithelial cells. It isbelieved calcium binds to the protein mobilferrin on the epithelial cells, whichis the iron take protein(Whiting, p.78). Another group of scientiststheorizes that iron is able to be transported into the epithelial cells withoutproblem, however the iron then has trouble getting into the blood stream. The presence of calcium inhibits irons ability to leave the epithelial layer.Another very interesting theory is not on the microscopic level but inthe evolutionary plane. Eaton et al. state that one possibility for thisphenomenon could lie in the Homo sapiens genetic ancestry. As little as 200years ago cosmos had almost double the amount of calcium intake as they do inthe present, because humans evolved in a high-calcium nutritional environment.With the decrease in calcium, there has also been a large decrease in physicalactivity(Eaton et al.). The inhibitory effect of calcium on iron absorptioncould be related to the low intakes of iron and calcium in conjunction with thepresent low-energy lifestyle(Glerrup et al. p. 103).Terms -Extrinsic radioisotopic iron tracer - Radioisotopes of iron (59Fe and 55Fe)

Iron Absorption From The Whole Diet: Comparison Of The Effect Of Two D :: essays research papers fc

Iron Absorption from the Whole Diet Comparison of the Effect of Two DifferentDistributions of Daily Calcium IntakeHypothesis - If a woman distributes her daily use of goods and services of calcium by having lessof it in her lunch and dinner meals and more in her breakfast and evening meals,then this would centre the repressive effects calcium has on heme crusade andnonheme iron absorption.Background Information - This experiment is one of many that addresses calciumsinhibitory affects on iron absorption. In 1994, the Consensus Development Panelin Optimal Calcium Intake suggested an increase of the current RecommendedDietary Allowances of calcium(Whiting, p.77). This goal of this increase was to attending in the prevention of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Unfortunately,this attempt at prevention could have an adverse affect on the human bodys world power to absorb iron.Recent studies have shown that eating a normal daily allowance ofcalcium cuts iron absorption by as much as 50-60%(Hallberg et al. p.118). Otherstudies examine the affect of iron bioavailability on menstruating, pre-menopausal, and post-menopausal women(Rossander-Hulten et al and Gleerup et al).One of the fears of an increased amount of calcium intake is the increasedpossibility of anemia in women who are already susceptible to this condition.The iron inhibition by calcium is a classical example of how the correction ofone nutritional problem croup be the cause of another.The physiological mechanism of this calcium-iron relationship remains amystery, however there are two feasible theories. One states that calciumcompetes for an iron binding site on intestinal epithelial cells. It isbelieved calcium binds to the protein mobilferrin on the epithelial cells, whichis the iron transport protein(Whiting, p.78). some other group of scientiststheorizes that iron is able to be transported into the epithelial cells withoutproblem, however the iron then has trouble getting into the blood strea m. Thepresence of calcium inhibits irons ability to leave the epithelial layer.Another very interesting theory is not on the microscopic level but inthe evolutionary plane. Eaton et al. state that one possibility for thisphenomenon could lie in the Homo sapiens genetic ancestry. As little as 200years ago humans had almost double the amount of calcium intake as they do inthe show, because humans evolved in a high-calcium nutritional environment.With the decrease in calcium, there has also been a large decrease in physicalactivity(Eaton et al.). The inhibitory effect of calcium on iron absorptioncould be related to the low intakes of iron and calcium in conjunction with thepresent low-energy lifestyle(Glerrup et al. p. 103).Terms -Extrinsic radioisotopic iron tracer - Radioisotopes of iron (59Fe and 55Fe)

Articles of Confederation Essay

During the fight for their independence, Americans were trying to create a new republican government. Their desire was to have a political system in which the majority of the power would come from the people rather than from a supreme authority. As a result, the Articles of Confederation was formed and adopted by the Continental relation in 1777. In the years of 1781 to 1789, the Articles were put into action and gave limits powers to the national authority, Congress. However, the Articles of Confederation in its particular period, 1781 to 1789, had severe weaknesses in its legislative branch, voting powers, powers of Congress, and resigns sovereignty which led to debts, problems with expansion and unity, and pretermit of change, development, and representation.Unlike the fore coming Constitution, the Articles of Confederation only had a legislature branch with limited powers which brought forth problems transaction with amendments, taking important measures, and state representa tion. The Articles stated that each state would have one vote and have amidst two to seven representers. This would become a problem for many delegates taking long journeys to Congress which would lead to a neediness of representation from states like gallium and Maine. Often seasonal weathers would delay or hinder representers to arrive and cast their votes. In addition, in order for important measures to be placed into action, at least nine of the states had to approve of it.Due to states different interest and way of sustaining its people, agreements were hardly made by the majority. Many states had different opinions and voiced out different ideas which contradicts other. This lack of approval by at least nine of the states led to a lack of change. In addition, any amendments like increasing central power and dealing issues involving slaves and women would have to be approved by every state. Similar to approving important measures, states would often disagree on certain circum stances which results in a few(prenominal) or none amendments made. Therefore, many aspects of the legislature branch and states voting power have weaknesses and led to many problems.In addition to having one branch of power, Congresss, the onlyestablishment of national authority, lack of power led to heavy debts, depression, and Shays Rebellion. Congresss power included waging wars, managing foreign relations, and acquire and issuing money. However it was not allowed to regulate commerce, raise and maintain an army, and levy taxes on the people directly. Although Congress made formal requests, involving troops and taxes to the state, it was frequently refused.This lack to power caused America to go into a postwar depression, inadequate money supply, and inability to pay back debts it owed to foreign nations. In addition, Congress owed money to its soldier from selling war bonds. Depressed and frustrated veterans joined forces under Daniels Shays in Massachusetts and set of demand s that consisted of paper money, tax relief particularly from state, relocation of state capital, and ending of imprisonment for debt. As a result of these problems, many Americans started to notice the flaws and imperfections of the Articles of Confederation.In addition, each state of America had almost all of its sovereignty and conclusiveness making which increased a lack of national unity and problems with expansion, the West, and foreign relations.

Toothpaste and Colgate

INDEX S. No. CONTENTS PageNo. 1 COMPANY PROFILE 4 2 INTRODUCTION 5-7 3 COMPANY story 9-12 4 MARKETING MIX 11-16 5 BCG MATRIX 14-18 6 SWOT ANALYSIS 7 STP ANALYSIS 8 BALACESHEET 9 RECOMMANDATIONS 9 final stage 10 COMPANY PROFILE Company name Colgate Palmolive Ltd. Date of Establishment 1937 Revenue 347. 188 (USD in Millions) Market Cap 111160. 5286158 (Rs.In jillions) Corporate Address Colgate Research Centre, principal(prenominal) Street Hiranandani Gardens Powai ,Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra WWW. colgate. co. in Management Details Chair person J Skala MD R D CalmeyerDirectors Derrick Samuel, J K Setna,Skala, K V Vaidyaanathan, M Elias,PK Ghosh, R A Shah, V S Mehta Business Operation Household &Personal Products Background Colgate-palmolive is Rs 1. 300 crore company started in year 1937. In Rs 2,400 crore piazza(prenominal) market it enjoys 50% of markets shargon.It bedspread across 4. 5 million retails outlets out of which 1. 5 million are direct outlets. Fina ncials Total Income Rs 20606. 60 Million (year closing Mar 2010) Net Profit Rs 4232. 60 Million (year Ending Mar 2010) Company Secretary K V VaidyanathanINTRODUCTION * Colgate Palmolive Company is an American diversified multinational corporation focused on the ingatheringion, distribution and provision of household, health supervise and personal overlaps, such as soaps, detergents, and oral hygiene products (including toothpaste and toothbrushes). * Under its Hills marking, it is as well as a performr of veterinary products. The companys corporate offices are on honey oil Avenue in overbold York City, across from the Waldrof Astoria. * In India, it operates under the name as Colgate-Palmolive (India) limited and its head office is at Mumbai. Colgate Palmolive is a $10. 6 billion global company serving people in more(prenominal) than 200 countries and territories with consumer products that make lives healthier and more enjoy able. COLGATE PALMOLIVE INDIA * Headquarte r in Mumbai. * Annual Turnover or so 1100 crs. * Market leaders in oral care. * Colgate consistently won India no 1 brand of the year award from last three years. * Colgate ranked among best employer in India. * Customer base of more than 8 lacs retailers. * Serviced by company field force, more than 1800 stockiest & super stockiest & their field force. Colgate is the brand that people trust, for complete oral care protection for themselves and ones they lov COMPANY HISTORY * 1806 William Colgate starts a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City. * 1817 First Colgate advertisement appears in a New York newspaper. * 1820 Colgate establishes a starch factory in Jersey City, New Jersey. * 1857 Upon the death of founder William Colgate, the company is reorganized as Colgate & Company under the management of Samuel Colgate, his son. * 1873 Colgate introduces toothpaste in jars. * 1879 Gerhard Mennen establishes a pharmacy in Newark, NJ, later ecoming the M ennen Company. * 1896 Colgate introduces toothpaste in a collapsible tube. * 1902 Stylish Colgate advertising begins, emphasizing ingredient purity and product benefits. * 1906 Colgate & Company celebrates its 100th anniversary. Product line includes over 800 different products. * 1911 Colgate distributes two million tubes of toothpaste and toothbrushes to schools, and provides hygienists to demonstrate tooth brushing. * 1914 Colgate establishes its first international subsidiary in Canada. * 1930 On March 13, Colgate is first listed on the New York Stock Exchange. 1939 Dr. Mark L. Morris develops a pet sustenance to help save a guide dog named Buddy from kidney disease. This breakthrough leads to the first Hills Prescription Diet product. * 1956 Colgate opens corporate headquarters at 300 Park Avenue in New York City. * 1968 Colgate toothpaste adds MFP Fluoride, clinically proven to reduce cavities. * 1972 Colgate acquires Hoyt Laboratories, which later becomes Colgate O ral Pharmaceuticals. * 1985 Colgate-Palmolive enters into a joint venture with Hong Kong-based Hawley Hazel, a leading oral care company, which adds strength in key Asian markets. 1989 Annual Company sales surpass the $5 billion mark. * 1995 Colgate enters Central Europe and Russia, expanding into fast-growing markets. * 1997 Colgate Total toothpaste is introduced in the U. S. and quickly becomes the market leader. Only Colgate Total, with its 12-hour protection, fights a complete range of oral health problems. * 2004 Colgate acquires the GABA oral care business in Europe, with its strength in the important European pharmacy channel and its ties with the dental community. * Today Today, with sales surpassing $15 billion, Colgate focuses on four core businesses Oral Care, Personal Care, central office Care and Pet Nutrition. Colgate now sells its products in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. MARKETING MIX MARKETING MIX CUSTOMER WANTS AND NEEDS PRODUCT COST TO acti on PROMOTION PLACE PRICE CONVIENCE TO BUY COMMUNICATION 1. Product - * The product, the Precision toothbrush, is a product that should add value to a buyers life. * It should in any case add utility, and meet the wants and needs of targeted consumers. The product should be unique and different from all similar products that are already available on the market. * The strategy is to key out the products design and packaging, which in return entrust cause the toothbrush to stand out. VARIOUS TYPES OF COLGATE 2. Price- * The price of a product says something rough the quality. * Even though the quality of the Precision toothbrush will be significantly higher than other leading toothbrushes, the price of the toothbrush will be determined by the prices of the other toothbrushes already in the market. This pricing strategy is a result of positioning the toothbrush as a mainstream product earlier than a niche product. COLGATE 20gms 40gms 50gms 75gms 80gms 100gms 150gms 200gms 300gms De ntal cream 5rs - 14rs - - 30rs 45rs 56rs 86rs Max impertinently 15rs 32rs 35rs 55rs - Total - - 35rs 65rs Sensitive 35rs 60rs Kids 26rs Advance whitening 27rs 53rs Active salt - 14rs - - 30rs - 54rs - Cibaca 18rs 28rs Herbal 14rs 30rs 55rs Fresh elan vital gel - - 55rs 60rs 3. Place- * Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. * The most important part of marketing is how a product will get from the seller to the buyer. * Many products go through a channel of distribution, which involves manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The distribution strategy proposed for the Precision toothbrush is through dentists, plastic surgeons, drug stores, market stores, large retail stores, and department stores. * The product is available in the all India market, including semi-urban & rural markets which are their primary focus. 4. procession - * Product promotion is communication spread through advertisin g, Publicity and sales promotion. * Promotion represents all of the communication that marketers use in the market. * We suggest that Colgate-Palmolive advertise their products by using commercial, magazine ads, the radio, ads that are to be placed in dentist ffices, billboards, and the sides of buses. * Advertising is done to promote new products, remind consumers of existing products, and overly promote the depiction of the company at hand. We also suggested that Colgate offer special coupons and rebates through their other products, and also food products. * Also, Colgate could benefit from the usage of in-store displays. * Most of the promotional activities would be T. V. media. * T. V. , FM radio for urban population. * Promotion towards rural population also. BCG MATRIX * The BCG matrix or also called BCG prototype relates to marketing.The BCG model is a well- known portfolio management tool used in product life cycle theory. * BCG matrix is often used to prioritize which p roducts within company product mix get more funding and attention. * The BCG matrix model is a portfolio planning model developed by Bruce Henderson of the BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP in the early 1970s. * The BCG model is based on classification of products (and implicitly also company business units) into four categories based on combination of market growth and market share relative to the largest competitor. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT is an acronym for the inside strength and weakness of a firm and the environmental opportunities and threats facing the firm. * SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers become a quick overview of a companys strategic situation. * The technique is based on the assumptions that an effective strategy derives from a sound fit between a firms internal resources (strengths and weakness) and its external situation (opportunities and threats). INTERNAL FACTORS- (1) STRENGTH- * Colgate dental cream offers all-round cavity protection, even where a toothbrush cannot reach. Its ample mint taste freshens breath. * It protects against root caries. * It cleans makes teeth whiter and repairs early decay spots. * Extremely popular brand and high brand awareness due to advertising. (2) WEAKNESS- * heights dependence of the company on a single category i. e. , oral care. * Reduction in advertisement expenditure in order to maintain growth. impertinent FACTORS (3) OPPORTUNITIES- * Leverage on fact that Colgate has been ranked as the most rely brand in India. * Focus on innovations and new product launches by deploying forward-looking technologies. Growth in emerging markets rural and semi- urban. (4) THREATS- * High competition from competitive brands like Pepsodent from HUL. * Increasing commodity prices for manufacturing. STP ANALYSIS (1) SEGMENTATION - * Colgates market segmentation is very broad because all their products are of need to most people so those people share a similar interest in product needs. * Colgate uses a segmentation bases by knowing that certain groups of people need Colgate toothpaste for a specific similar reason like yellow teeth, peeled teeth or just teeth with cavities. Colgate also uses the family life cycle because they make toothpaste that could be used for grownups and children. * Also, toothbrushes are made to attract young children with cartoon characters and different tastes and are less watertight so that it wouldnt damage their gums. (2) TARGET GROUP- * MAX FRESH Colgate targeted youth with the introduction of this toothpaste, as this helps in refreshes breath. * ACTIVE SALT - Elder people are targeted in this segment as it makes teeth stronger and provides protection from cavities. COLGATE TOTAL - Colgate Total contains the anti-microbial ingredient triclosan, which reduces the number of bacteria that cause gingivitis, cavities and halitosis Basically its for kids but Mothers are targeted as they are very concerned about their kids. This toothpaste safeguards t eeth for 12 hours. * COLGATE SENSITIVE - People who prevail sensitive teeth are targeted in this segment who have problem in their gums. * KIDS TOOTHPASTE - Often small children dont like to brush teeth, so for them this toothpaste was launched. Colgate had focused on taste aspect to encourage kids to brush teeth. COLGATE WHITENNING A whitening toothpaste that is Clinically-proven to whiten in 14 days. Its whitening ingredient is enthalpy peroxide, which gradually bleaches the teethFocus is given on group of customers in this segment those who are already suffering from plaque in their teeth. * COLGATE 2in1 - People who want both strongness and fresh breath are targeted. (3) POSITIONING- * Colgate dental cream positions itself as toothpaste that has the necessary calcium and minerals to provide decay protection, strong teeth, germ protection and fresher breath. Colgate positioned some(prenominal) toothpaste so that people would like the products more like adding a different style or taste to the toothpaste. * Colgate repositions their products because with the way they market and promote their products, consumers know that these products are way better than other brands and competition that is out there. * Lately with competition from indigenous vegetarian toothpastes, Colgate dental cream has also positioned itself as an always 100% vegetarian toothpaste. The tagline of its advertisements, trusted by generations to make teeth stronger. Colgate total12 have been projected as the most advanced toothpaste that provide 12 hr germ protection even after eating and drinking by building a protective shield around the teeth. * Colgate max fresh positions itself on the basis of freshness. The tagline new dimensions brings home this very point. * Colgate kids toothpaste tries to position itself based on emotions which is apparent in its tagline makes fighting cavities fun RECOMMANDATIONS * Colgate should hire celebrities for the advertisement. They should also increa se their CSR activities because they have very good image in the market. * Target market should be clearly emphasized in the advertisement. * Colgate should emphasize on digital branding i. e. , online purchase. * Colgate should use colorful paste to create uniqueness. BALANCESHEET Mar 12 Mar 11 Mar 10 Mar 09 Mar 08 Sources of funds Owners fund Equity share capital 13. 60 13. 60 13. 60 13. 60 13. 60 Share application money - - - - - Preference share capital - - - - - Reserves & surplus 421. 79 370. 45 312. 51 202. 0 148. 61 Loan funds Secured loans - - - - - Unsecured loans - 0. 05 4. 59 4. 69 4. 69 Total 435. 39 384. 10 330. 70 220. 98 166. 89 Uses of funds indomitable assets Gross block 522. 50 579. 83 534. 52 425. 26 449. 59 Less revaluation reserve - - - - - Less accumulated depreciation 268. 08 324. 79 287. 57 251. 33 258. 19 Net block 254. 42 255. 04 246. 95 173. 93 191. 41 Capital work-in-progress 69. 38 12. 26 6. 19 4. 67 7. 59 Investments 47. 12 38. 74 21. 00 38. 3 3 72. 59 Net current assets Current assets, loans & advances 758. 8 739. 21 626. 71 577. 18 444. 85 Less current liabilities & provisions 694. 21 661. 15 570. 15 573. 13 549. 54 Total net current assets 64. 47 78. 06 56. 56 4. 06 -104. 69 Miscellaneous expenses not written - - - - - Total 435. 39 384. 10 330. 70 220. 98 166. 89 Notes Book value of unquoted investments - 38. 74 21. 00 33. 01 56. 39 Market value of quoted investments - - - 5. 00 15. 60 Contingent liabilities 68. 45 82. 06 62. 75 46. 46 46. 67 Number of equity shares outstanding (Lacs) 1359. 93 1359. 93 1359. 3 1359. 93 1359. 93 CONCLUSION * By the Detailed study on the product and market of COLGATE it was able to get a clear picture of the past and present of the products and was able to get in to the assumptions about the future of the product. * The Brand COLGATE has been interchange successfully and has created a good demand all the time. * It is also holding a good place in the toothpaste market with a share of around 10% 15%. * As like for all other products Colgate is also facing a tight competition in the toothpaste Market. Since the competition is too strong the company has to keep on watching market closely for avoiding any sudden collapse for the product. * Finally, it should note that the company may have to face push-down storage of threats in coming years like political threats, legislation threats ongoing economic crisis, changing life style of the people etc. If the company is able to overcome all the threats and can prepare themselves for facing the problems in advance it can achieve a good growth for COLGATE.

Manage Own Performance in a Business Environment Essay

1 Understand how to plan and be accountable to otherwises.1.1 There argon a number of guidelines and procedures in derriere to enable me to do my job not only to the take up of my ability but in a professional manner. In administration, there are procedures that admit to be followed relating to various aspects of the job including correct procedures to, answer the telephone, confirming tickets, dealing with outgoing mail, rooms as well as other procedures. All of the administrators procedures are kept in a file at the office area where any member of admin staff can revise them as and when necessary. In my convey place, these general procedures cover a wide range of skills used within any administration such as how to deal with a telephone foresee and how to used the office printer. They are available on the system for any staff member to review.1.2 As a employee I am accountable to my employer. They encounter a right to see that my draw is up to standard. Having a plan allow s for my manager to see a quick overview of my daily tasks and allows them to check that I image what needs to be done through out the day. It also helps to agree periodscales and goals, and helps with performance managing.Planning skills allows me to be efficient and to successfull in my job.I have to be able to learn and achieve butt joints and help others to do the same.1.3 The purpose for agreeing realistic targets for snip is to keep e actuallyone on task and focused, there is no point stigmatiseting a target that is impossible to complete in the time scale given. Things will always get rushed and missed if the target is unrealistic. Work will not be done to the highest standard. However you should always push yourself at work. There should be a balance between the time it takes, how much work you have to do and making original your work is to the highest standard. This way, everyone can contribute effectively and reach targets efficiently instead of struggling to achiev e the impossible.1.4 I need to possess sure that the deadline is fair and be honest about how much work I can handle. When speaking to my manager I will gain respect by being straight about how much I can do. If I set too easy a target for myself I wont be pushed to improve myself and it will be clear to my manager. If I make it impossible to reach my manager will be unimpressed by my softness to work out how long I need and missing the deadline. Setting targets is part of planning so the more accurately you can stick a plan usually the more likely you are to succeed.1.5 The first thing I do in the morning is to prioritize my work. That is, place the most distinguished job at the top the least, at the bottom. When judging priorities, I need to do several things I need to determine what is required. This is the number of jobs that need to be done. I need to figure out what is required. I need to ask myself What must I do that nobody can or should do for me? I have a list on which I write every target I need to Achieve and then I plan this approximately my day. If Im stuck or behind on an heavy job I can ask my office manager Jack or other employees to help me.I dont put everything into a pending or jobs to do file.I Classify my targets into those that areboth urgent and important (class 1)urgent (class 2)important (class 3)neither (class 4).1.6 So other concourse can help me when I am stuck and it doesnt waste time. We can work as a team together to get the task finished.They can give me tips and say how I could improve my work.If someone is relying on a piece of work from me to complete their experience tasks then it is important to keep them informed of where I am. By doing this I can also gain information on timescales, when this work needs to be completed. If I am unable to complete something by the time requested then other people will have to re-prioritise their own workloads to fit almost me and by keeping them informed of my progress I can show where I am with my work.1.7 It respects peoples time and allows people to be better prepared for work, mentally, physically and tools-wise. It is respectful of the other persons time to give him or her a good image of what and how you want them to do something and when they need to start. If these plans change, respect demands that you inform others involved of the changes to these plans. 1.8/1.9Computer crashingWork not getting savedPower cutsPhotocopier runs out of tonerPhotocopier runs out paper.All of these issues can be resolved very simply.Any technical fault that involves my computer I would report this to my manager or director. Things like photocopier running out of paper would be common sense I would fill the paper tray myself with the correct size and type of paper. If there is a jam I would try and resolve this myself without creating danger or ask mortal I would ask my manager who knows how to fix this. 1.10 The importance of learning from mistakes is so that you will not make the same mistakes (or similar mistakes) in the future, and you will thereby make more right decisions and fewer wrong decisions, and therefore will enjoy more success and less failure. Outcome 2 Understand how to extradite in a way that supports effective working.2.1 The purpose of agreeing and setting high standards for work assures that each person tries their hardest and achieves there goals. By setting high standards you are showing a good example to the hole work team.Your building trust with your employer, it can give you benefits such as a pay forward or promotion and It gives you a great sense of satisfaction. You must always make sure you have the right amount of work for your time scale. This allows you to make sure your work is to the highest standard and isnt rushed. I have learnt from working at h2o the its better to take a little bit overnight doing something than doing it to quickly and having to go back and correct your mistakes. 2.2/2.3 I can set high s tandards of work by putting 100% into every task I do. By being the best I possibly can be. If I challenge myself in areas I will improve at my work, impress my employer and set a high example to all of the staff. By not challenging myself I am not learning anything. I should always take on new challenges if given them. This means I will earn new skills and will allow me to become experienced at my job.2.4 If there are changes, its best to find out the purpose and make a plan, gather as much information as you can. Discuss the changes with your manager as understanding the bit helps you plan an appropriate course of action. Find out if the changes will affect your salary or benefits. There are always changes made in our body of work such a new office equipment, new staff, change in role. It gives me new challenges and experience. 2.5 The purpose of treating others with respect, honesty, and consideration is to treat others how you would like to be treated. To help people when you can. Never judge anyone and understand people as individuals. This gives people self confidence and positive a work environment. In my workplace we always see and respect one another. 2.6 Behaviour is vital to the workplace because it can affect everyone.A persons prohibit outlook can spend to those around that person. The workplace can immediately become a hostile environment due to the action or attitude of a single person. 2.7 Types of behaviour that introduction honesty, respect, and consideration are listening to others ideas and providing thoughtful feedback, being sensitive to the needs of others, seeking a solution that will benefit all, cooperating with everybody, treating others fairly and with dignity. Some negative behaviours are not listening to people, ignoring the opinions of others, having a selfish attitude, disregarding the efforts of others, and spreading false or hurtful information about others like spending rumours.

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation Essay

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation and using examples where appropriate, critic on the wholey assess the grapheme of property as a motivator?The staple fiber outlook on motivation is that needfully equal behaviour which in turn equals satisfaction and unrighteousness versa. I.e. you have certain need or wants, and this ca wasting diseases you to do certain things (behaviour), which satisfy those necessitate (satisfaction), and this give notice then change where needs/wants argon primary.The underlying idea is that all human beings are motivated to undertake certain actions including purchasing crackings and services and going out to break down by certain needs. Various needs come into play as motivators.(Abraham Maslow.)Abraham Maslow suggested that we are motivated to satisfy our needs hierarchically first is the longing to satisfy physiological needs, then the desire for security, the desire for companionship and a sense of belonging, the desi re for self-esteem, and the desire for self-actualization, doing what one most wants and is best suited to do. As lots lower or basic needs are met, broader more in depth issues motivate them.A person needs to feel as if his/her needs have been met on old level(s) before moving upward. A person will not be motivated by love until he/she has had both his/her physiological and security needs met. For example babies needs are as basic as they come. All they wants is food, sleep, and a clean nappy, and not needfully in that order. As they continue to bond their survival needs met, they make uptually request that their safety needs be addressed. At this time, their motivations are based purely on basic, survival needs.In all five cases of Maslows model, money to some extent plays a vital role in satisfying such needs one way or an some other. coin is often talked about as the ultimate motivator. It is the basic reason why most of us go to work everyday. It provides us with numerous freedoms. It allows us a variety of choices. If one has no money, or insufficient funds for basic needs, then one will do almost anything to get some. Money is a motivator at this basic level. However, as one begins to have enough to satisfy basic needs, it has less and less effect.People will in general choose to do things they like, prefer or which meets their values and aspirations, rather than seek money for its own sake. Of course, if they are in, or join a reference sort whose members have more money than they do, then money may enter the motivational equation again. Equally, if they see other people, especially those within their own smart set or profession, earning more than they do for the same work (relative deprivation), then they may well be motivated to either complain about money or indeed seek a similar phone line elsewhere that pays advance.However, people in general seem to reach a balance between money and effort, between money and the calls of family and int erests. For instance, commission schemes are supposed to motivate increased effort in sales people. The truth of the matter is that for most sales people, they do not. The sales person works as hard as they need in order to get to a level of income that they require. At this point they are said to have satisficed and their needs and income are in balance. Offering more money will not necessarily increase effort beyond this point. triple-crown organizations use motivational techniques in order for its workforce to be highly efficient and effective. However on the contrary dont essentially quip pecuniary ripostes in every situation. There are drawbacks of using cash as the just motivator. Though it chamberpot motivate employees to be a good workforce, it arse make them dishonest. Moreover, on that point are other ways to motivate people at very low cost, which give the same or even better results as using money. As mentioned above, money lowlife buy almost everything people wan t, tho only almost. There are many an(prenominal) things that can not be traded for money. Due to these weak points, money is not as good motivator as it is viewed.First and foremost, money could lead to bad or unlawful performance. Money can really motivate people because, as it is well documented, money can buy satisfaction. Theoretically, workforces will perform better as they know that they will get more money from incentive or a raise. The problem is that in the real world, they do not perform better but perform to look better in their bosses eyes.For example, some might try to give an image of high workload by sitting in anterior of the computer and typing all the time, though they have nothing to type. In some case, they might stagger around the office, especially in front of the bosses rooms, so that they will be seen as busy and diligent. The worst case scenario is that they will try to serve their bosses the best, not the telephoner. These are absolutely not the result s the bon ton expected from the motivation program. Moreover, if the company implements this program for some time, it may become company culture money-oriented. Employees will only be concerned about how a good deal money they make and not motivated by the job itself. They might excel as that can generate more earning but they will do something to get more money as well.In a company that uses a stock option policy, managers get stocks as their bonus, and this policy can lead to culpable performance and inappropriate actions as Ivan F. Boesky found out to his disadvantage. He was accused of insider profession that led to huge personal profits and eventually a $ degree centigrade million fine. This scandal was described as one of the worst on Wall Street history, and unsettled public confidence with the fear that stock trading may be fixed.Money is often used for motivating, but it also addresses itself to human greed, which dulls the conscience and may lead to unethical and ill egal behaviour. (Weihrich and Koontz, 1988)Secondly, companies can use other low cost motivators to motivate their workforces to perform better. A personal organiser, complete with a leather case, is one of the gifts being offered to British Telecom employees as part of BTs Living Our Values initiative. BT is using non-cash benefits to reward exemplary behaviour. The BT initiative is an example of an employer using gift items to enable managers to show gratitude to employees for such things as continuous improvement and teamwork. (Rue and Byars, 1977)If the company use bonuss as motivation, it will face a problem if it does not have good strategies to fare it with. For example, if the company gives a bonus every month, this bonus will do no good as a motivator. The reason for this is that if the company gives a bonus to employees every month, employees will feel that the bonus is what they must have as part of their salary, not as a reward for good performance and also the company will not make much profit and in the long run will eventually get rid of some staff. Therefore, if the company really wants employees to work better and better, it has to raise the bonus again and again.In addition to this, there are many utensils that can motivate workforces better than money. In fact, studies have found that non-monetary compensation is an even more vital factor many people. According to Hagemann, the motivation factors graded with importance by Japanese, American and German companies in the first, second and third places were clearer strategic directives, more information about work and more participation in the job while money was ranked in the ninth place. Money can be better motivator as it can indicate the status of the person. This statement is true but not for all situations. There are many people who gain respect from other people because of their good and honest habit though they earn smaller money. In the meantime, some who are rich but have bad reputa tion might be considered as dirty people or of a very low status.Nonetheless, there is other argument that an increasing salary is an indicator of success. It might be true but there are many things that can also show success such as more participation and more responsibility, for instance the Prime Minister of Great Britain is not that greatly paid when comparing him with CEOs of major corporations, lawyers, barristers, footballers. The list goes on, yet the PMs military post is one of the most important and prestigious position in the country.Thirdly, money can not satisfy all needs of people. In reference to Maslows theory on motivation money can satisfy only the needs at the lower level. According to Plunkett and Attner, the physical needs can be satisfied by increasing pay, safety needs can be satisfied by reassuring that jobs will not be eliminated.For social needs, there are many ways to cope with such as letting the new employee interact in recreational activities of the f irm. In these levels of needs, money can be best used only at the last(a) level. For example, money cannot buy the sense of belonging in the society, social need. There are many people who are extremely wealthy but cant interact on a professional and social level with their fellow workmates in the organization well and have to quit their jobs. Some people do not want more money as they are satisfied with their current status or they are more concerned with other things more.For example, some wealthy and successful CEOs whose needs are in the top levels like self-esteem or self-actualization may not necessarily be motivated by money. To motivate these people, the company might try to make them feel that the job is challenging or make them realise that this is another goal of their lives. The company might provide more opportunities in other fields of the job and send them to some training course to make their job more challenging. Changing the structure of the job is another way to motivate workforces, as it will make them feel that they have more challenge than their scrap work. As seen, money is not a good motivator for everybody, as each employee will have dissimilar needs in the hierarchy.Although money is not endlessly seen as a reliable motivator by a number of critics, it does possess its advantages in terms of it leads people towards a goal, it gives them direction and clarification. If there are no bonuses or low wages, where would the motivation be for a worker to work to his/her best ability? If there is a limited reward for your efforts then where will the incentive be to do well? Such questions are always raised in board meetings and meetings between employees and management. Management run away to use money as armour in their toolbox and release their weapon of extra incentive when required.On the whole money is not always top employee priority although it is important, because the money that you bring home buys the bread. People are also moti vated by variety of items and using money as the only motivator is not as good a strategy as it should be. It can motivate people to perform better but only as the external motivator. People do not feel that they really want to work because of intrinsic interest in a task (Kohn, 1998) but they work just for money.This can lead to inefficiency and illusion of performance and also cause corruption and illegality in work. In fact there are many motivators that can bring about the same or even better result as money. Furthermore, using these motivators can reduce the cost of the company also. Last but not least, although money can buy many things, it cannot buy satisfaction and not all employees needs can be satisfied by money. Therefore, monetary motivators can not motivate everybody. As seen in this essay, motivating people by money can create some disadvantages and money is not the be all and end all of motivation, so the company has to be very wary when using it.

Heaney’s poems explore by varied poetic means the enduring significance of family and childhood in human life

Much of Heaneys metrical composition, particularly from his early selections, explores childhood and family. Heaney perhaps uses these reputations as a means of discovering his true self by travelling back to his roots. His childhood experiences have for certain had a deep impact and acted as inspiration for many of the poetrys from his root book, Death of a Naturalist, but in that location argon too verses in later books that explore this theme. Aside from giving us an insight into Heaneys early life, his exploration of childhood and family overly reflects the folksy Irish culture at the time and the political situation in Ireland.The poet also explores the themes of childhood and family finished the use of various poetic thingmajigs, including vivid imagery and structure. The first poem that I have decided to examine is Digging from Heaneys first collection, Death of a Naturalist. This poem focuses on the poets father and grandfather, and his admiration for their digg ing skills. It also shows the big contrast between father and son, in that Heaney has no spade to follow men like them his talents lie in writing. Digging is the first poem in the selection, and certainly depicts Heaneys insecurities about his writing career and his early struggle to define himself as a poet, and break the family tradition of rural labour. The poem is littered with various poetic devices, which help to bring the poem and the poets feelings alive to the reader. Firstly, Heaney uses the simile, snug as a gun to describe the way the pen feels when he holds it. This suggests that it fits his hand well and is real powerful.It could also mean that, whereas his father and grandfather use the spade as their weapon, Heaney uses the pen. Some have also proposed that the image of the gun is a reflection of the personnel in Northern Ireland. However, this can non be so, because this poem was published in 1966, before the troubles started. He also chooses to use rather vivid language to describe his fathers actions epoch digging in the garden. For example, a clean rasping sound is almost onomatopoeia, as the word really sounds like the noise a spade makes when it sinks into rocky ground.Further examples of onomatopoeia are, squelch, slap, sloppily and gravelly. Straining rump is also a solid choice of language, as the reader can like a shot visualise how hard the man is working and feel his pain. A further poetic tool is the use of technical language, such as lug and carp, which show their technique and skill in their trade, as they know exactly what they are doing and thoroughly understand every part of their tool.Colloquial language is also used, such as By God, the old man could handle a spade. This is perhaps used as a way for Heaney to connect with the rural population of Ireland and associate himself with his roots. The structure of the poem is also a very important feature, as it helps to illustrate Heaneys insecurities with his writing care er. The stanzas are very irregular, suggesting that the poets thoughts are terrestrial aimlessly as he is trying to discover his true identity and accept his trade.However, the structure could also be said to portray the idea of digging, in that the first four stanzas grow in length, almost like a spade travelling deeper into the ground. Heaney uses the theme of Digging and roots as an extended metaphor, as through writing this poem, he is attempting to get back and identify with his own roots and dig into the past and his childhood, in order to discover his true self. He demonstrates the entailment of family and childhood experiences and the impact they have on your actions in later life.Heaney was clearly worried that he was disappointing his father by not continuing the family trade, and this poem seems to act as an apology for this. The last stanza of Digging is very similar to the first stanza, but instead of the pen being as snug as a gun, Heaney resolves that he will dig wi th it. This implies that the pen is Heaneys tool, just like the spade was his predecessors tool. The occupations may be vastly different, but they still require a great deal of expertise.The second poem that I have chosen to explore is Personal Helicon, which is also from Heaneys first collection, Death of Naturalist. This poem contains many two-fold meanings. On the surface, it would appear as if Heaney is reflecting on his favourite pastime as a child, which was playing with body of water and wells. This, indeed, is true, but he is also using the theme to talk about writing poetry. The word Helicon in the title refers to a place in ancient Greece where there are springs that supposedly ground inspiration to anyone that drinks there.This suggests that, for Seamus Heaney, the memories of his childhood and his love for water and wells are his personal inspiration for his poetry. It is also an interesting choice of word because both sources of inspiration are associated with water. So deep you saw no reflection in it describes one particular well that Heaney encountered as a child. However, the image of the bottomless well also portrays what a poem is like, filled with different meanings. A further example of a double meaning can be found in the line, A white face hovered over the bottom.This refers to the literal reflection of Heaney that could be seen in the water, but could also mean that he is always evident in his poems each poem connects in some way with the poet, no matter what the theme is. An important poetic device that the poet uses in Personal Helicon is highly communicative and vivid language, which helps the reader to envision exactly what the wells were like. Good examples of this are fungus, dank moss and finger slime, which all conjure up wonderful, yet repulsive images of exactly what wells are like and the enjoyment that children find in wet, dirty places.Heaney has also incorporated a clever metaphor into the poem, which is the trapped cant. The sky is obviously not trapped within the well in a physical sense, but it appears to be due to its reflection in the water at the bottom of the well. The last two lines of Personal Helicon are extremely significant, as they represent the motivation behind Heaneys poetry and illustrate exactly what he is like. I rhyme to see myself, to set the darkness echoing. This would imply that Seamus Heaney writes poetry in order to discover himself and approach subjects that cannot be approached in any different way. A critic once proposed that the darkness refers to the unknown, the things that remain hidden, concepts that have not been brought into the light and expressed in words. Whether it is personal fears or social and political injustices, poetry is a medium to bring these unspoken attitudes and opinions to the world, and to make them echo and resound with force.The mention of the word, darkness also links in with Heaneys next book, entitled accession into the Dark, suggesti ng that he was very insecure and apprehensive about his debut collection of poems and how successful it would be. Overall, Personal Helicon gives the reader an insight into Seamus Heaneys childhood and the features of rural Ireland, and shows, similarly to the forward poem, what effects childhood experiences can have on a persons later life.The final poem that I have chosen to study is The Other Side from Heaneys third poetry collection, Wintering Out. This poem chronicles the poets childhood experiences of the vast divide between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, and tells the story of a Catholic family (Heaneys family) and a Protestant neighbour funding on the other side of the stream. Heaney uses a great deal of sacred imagery within this poem, perhaps in order to reinforce the theme of spectral divide. A good example of this is, Its poor as Lazarus, that ground.Lazarus is the name of a poor man in the bible, so this is a clever simile that not only depicts the p oor quality of Heaneys farmland, but also underpins the overall theme of the poem. There are a number of other religious images within the poem also. That tongue of chosen people is a reference to Protestants and the fact that they are supposed to speak properly and in a superior manner to Catholics. chosen people is a biblical image and promised furrows links in with the bible and the idea of the promised land. Tares is another word used in the poem that suggests religious significance, as in the bible, these were weeds that the enemy deliberately planted to ruin others crops. Another interesting simile within this poem is, as if party to dearest or a strangers weeping. This is an excellent use of imagery, as it really portrays to the reader the extent of the neighbours embarrassment at having interrupted Heaneys familys prayers. Another poetic device used in the poem is onomatopoeia, shown through the expression moan of prayers.The word moan really does sound like the chanting o f prayers often heard in churches, as it is a rather extended, droning word, reflecting what the prayers were like. To conclude, The Other Side depicts the significance of family and childhood experiences, as Heaney has undoubtedly gained much inspiration from his memories of the division between religions in Ireland when he was a child. Overall, it is evident that a number of Heaneys poems explore the enduring significance of family and childhood in human life, as he openly acquires a good deal of inspiration from his early years.Within these poems, he uses various poetic devices as a means of expressing memories, feelings and objects in a highly vivid and attractive way. His fascinating and intelligent use of language is certainly at the forefront of all of his poems, whether it is shown through imagery, onomatopoeia or realistic descriptions. Heaney once said that, Words themselves are doors, suggesting that they can open up new ways of understanding, expressing and interpreting situations and feelings.

Leo Tolstoy’s Art

Tolstoy is one of those writers whose life intervened in his literary activity the events from real life influenced the specificity of themes and topics, raised in his works. He practiced various genres from novels, terse stories to non-fiction letters.The beginning of his work as a writer coincided with his military service. The first considerable writing took six year to be have intercoursed. It was a trilogy that consisted of three novels dealing with different period of life of a person Childhood (1852), Boyhood, (1854) and Adolescence (1857). The first novel of the trilogy in a lyrical and enchanting manner describes the innocence and rapture of life through childs-eye view. The trilogy is autobiographical and presents the psychological and moral development of the hero from age ten to his late teens.After Tolstoy left army in 1856 he change himself as a talented participator of Russian literary processes. His military experience, gained in Crimean War, served him as a prol ific source of material for new literary works, and therefore was employed for a number of short stories. Thus his Sebastopol Tales fiercely criticize war and ennoble an ordinary soldier. When Childhood, Adolescence, and the war stories appeared, everyone hailed them as the first full and complete artistic expression of the psychological process.1One the greatest novels by Tolstoy is War and field pansy. While the scope of War and Peace is epic, Tolstoy does not load the novel down with diachronic facts and dates. Instead, he brings history alive by making it personal. A reader watches the intimate destinies of the Rostovs, the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys unfold with a level of emotion and attachment that no historical account could convey. And their fates are projected on to the destiny of a nation. It is this powerful historical fiction with a purpose that won Tolstoy his well-deserved international acknowledgement. War and Peace is universal in its appeal because of the universa lity of its themes that war is profoundly alien to human nature that the average soldiers patriotism is the building block of nations (e.g. the character of lord Tushin) the limited impact that even great individuals have on history (Napoleon and Kutuzov).Tolstoy draws his characters with simple brush strokes, with psychological depth, that makes them real. For example, the character of Natasha Rostova, whose beauty and attractiveness depended not so much on her appearance, as on her youth and her inner energy, the beauty of her soul reveals to us the exemplary significance she has in the novel. Unlike tout ensemble the some otherwise main characters whose names are known to the reader before their physical appearance is described, Natasha is left nameless. She appears not like a true human existence but sooner as a mythical creature that personifies the joy of life This black-eyed, wide-mouthed girl, not pretty but full of life . . . ran to hide her violent face in the lace of her mothers mantillanot paying the least attention to her severe remarkand began to laugh. She laughed, and in fragmentary sentences attempt to explain about a doll which she produced from the folds of her frock. 2In Anna Karenina, probably his stylistically most perfect novel, he sought to create a novel in the usance of the Greek classics. He dwells on marital happiness, the fate of an abused woman in society and the role of physical and spiritual complete in marriage. In Anna Karenina the epic horizons are narrower than in War and Peace, yet the feelings of the characters are more than sharp and acute, their sufferings at times even more profound. Annas and Vronskys story of forbidden love strikes readers because Tolstoy shows the fatal inevitability of a mutual attraction, its development and then its fading and its tragic denouement. Anna and Vronsky are depicted as being destroyed by or so external force, in fact, by each other.Tolstoy writes that they involuntarily su bmit to the other Involuntarily submitting to the weakness of Anna who had given herself up to him entirely, and placed her fate in his hands, form to accept anythinghe had pertinacious ceased to think that they might part, as he had thought then. He had completely abandoned himself to his passion, and that passion was binding him more and more closely to her.3The brilliance of Tolstoys art is his almost casual description of details that, at first sight seems insignificant and accidental, but which later come to contribute a crucial role in a characters fate. In the end, the drama of Annas love is showed with such strength that it cannot leave any reader indifferent.After he had written Anna Karenina, Tolstoy got determined against literature. He wanted henceforth to be a moral philosopher rather than an artist. And as Anthony Daniels notes in his article, many people subsequently shed under Tolstoys didactic teaching, even for a time Chekhov.4 This didactics became peculiar to his successive works. In Tolstoys literature we find the contemplation of what are the proper ship canal of living. For instance in his short story How Much Land Does A Man Need? the main character is an ordinary farmer whose own avarice destroys him. In this literary work, the author exploits Pahoms search as a symbolic warning that longing for too much can result in button of everything.Tolstoy strengthens his moral believes by his stories. Through the symbolism he endeavors to preach his philosophy and deliver hidden messages to readers. Thus, main characters running against the sun conveys the symbolic meaning that Pahom is moving against time and course of life. This symbolic device produces the atmosphere of haste and panic. However, at the end of the story the main character dies and all his prosecution for unreal aim turns out to be worthless. The morality of the story is that we must properly estimate our abilities and what is more important our needs. Tolstoy finish es this story with the conclusion that finally we all will need not more that only small piece of land His servant picked up the spade and dug a grave long enough for Pahm to he in, and buried him in it. Six feet from his head to his heels was all he needed.5In the mid-1880s Tolstoy continues writing short stories. He tends to use poove tales or religious legends to develop their ideas in his own works. The style of these short stories is plain but expressive. They often reveal Tolstoys religious convictions. In 1886, Tolstoy publishes the novelette The Death of Ivan Illych. The story concerns dying man who becomes aware that his life is nearly over. By the time Tolstoy wrote The Death of Ivan Illych, he got engaged in extremely victorian ideas. His protagonists main pleasure in life is playing bridge with his friends, which is condemned by the writer as vicious because, like music at the conservatoire, it is frivolous, artificial, and inauthentic. He earnestly criticizes this c haracter and depicts his life as a shallow, terrible being Ivan Illychs life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible.6 Ivan is a conforming opinions and expectations of people of affablely higher rank usually determine Ivans behavior and wishes.He tries to keep up friendship with only those who have good social position. That is why his life is terrible there is no place for free will, for well-grounded decision. And the only exemplary character in this story is a youngster Gerasim. Tolstoy wrote about the peasants as about the moral agents, bearers of moral virtues. In The Death of Ivan Illych Ivan learned something from Gerasim, who made him see a possibility to which Ivans way of living had unplowed his eyes shut, a possibility that was excluded by the way he lived. Ivan Illych had been caught up in a way of life that excluded the possibility of care for and devotion to other people. By his example Gerasim opened up for Ivan what was a new possibility and made him realize what was wrong with his life. In this story Tolstoy juxtaposes moral peasant with a morally weak nobleman.Though in his late works Tolstoy exhibited too ideological approach when evolving his characters and presenting themes that led to simplifications, his penetrating psychological analysis had great influence on later literature. The most important thing is that Tolstoy succeeded in his major endeavor as a writer to use his linguistic and artistic means to portray eternal human passions through typical traits of his epoch, going beyond linguistic, ethnic and other borders. Tolstoy solved this task excellently. And this is why he is a classic of some(prenominal) Russian and world literature.Works Cited ListDaniels, Anthony. Chekhov & Tolstoy. invigorated Criterion. Vol. 23 8, April 2005.Orwin Tussing, Donna. Tolstoys Art and Thought, 1847-1880. Princeton University Press, 1993Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Aylmer Maude Transl., Louise Maude Transl., London P enguin, 1978.-, How Much Land Does a Man Need? twenty-three Tales, Transl. L. and A. Maude, New York Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1907 113-122-, The Death of Ivan Illych Aylmer Maude Transl., Louise Maude Transl., Retrieved on December 3, 2005 from Tolstoy Libraryhttp//home.aol.com/Tolstoy28-, War and Peace. Henry Gifford editor, Aylmer Maude Transl., Louise Maude Transl., Oxford Oxford University Press, 1998.1Donna Tussing Orwin. Tolstoys Art and Thought, 1847-1880. Princeton University Press, 1993 192 Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace, 39 3 Tolstoy, Leo Anna Karenina, 381 4 Anthony Daniels, Chekhov & Tolstoy, 31 5 Tolstoy Leo, Twenty-three Tales, How Much Land Does A Man Need?, 122 6 Tolstoy Leo, The Death of Ivan Illych, Chapter II

Jack: Straight From The Gut by John F. Welch, Jr. Essay

OverviewAn autobiography, Jack consecutive From The Gut provides bathroom F. Welch, Jr. the opportunity to guide us through not only his time spent as Chairman and CEO during a forty-one year autoeer with General Electric (GE), but also his early years, and his family life outside of GE. From his days as a first grader growing up in Salem, Massachusetts playing gin with his beloved mother, to his welcoming of Jeff Immelt as his successor as CEO, Welch describes in steadfast moving detail his thoughts, feelings, wins, and losses, all in chronological order.As a child Welch respected and admired his father, but cherished his mother and maintained a bond with her that he references long after her death in 1965. She imparted him with enormous self-confidence and lead skills that he developed early and kept with him through utmost school, his undergraduate years at the University of Massachusetts, graduate school at the University of Illinois, and ultimately throughout his time with GE.As Welch describes his GE career, he conveys many of the characteristics that led to him plow CEO. Most notably, he credits his energy, passion, and integrity for his success and emphatically emphasizes that other leaders must search for those same values when building teams and cultivating talent. Along the style Welch highlights his many victories but gives equal time to his mistakes. Above all he notes people as the defining factor in success or failure. In fact, GEs all about finding and building great people, no matter where they come from. Im over the crystalize on lots of issues, but none comes as close to the passion I have for making people GEs core competency.1 canvasA quick search under Jack Welch on Amazon.com shows eleven different book titles, all of which, in one form or another, dissemination the wisdom of a man regarded widely as Americas most admired business leader. From that, one might surmise that Jack Straight From The Gut would follow the recipe for di scussion on such GE tenets as Six Sigma, boundarlyess culture, and globalization. However, though he does spend considerable time on these standard topics, he provides much more in the way of underlying reasons for the success of these programs, and for their derivation. Unlike other books written about Welch, he wrote this one more often than not by himself and I found it extremely enkindle compared to around of the previous efforts of authors trying to capture the essence of both Welch and GE.Of particular interest was Welchs slender analysis of Reg Jones selection process in 1980 that led to Welch succeeding him as CEO, versus Welchs own selection process nearly twenty years later(prenominal) for his own replacement. Welch describes in game-like fashion his position of underdog against eight other GE executives under consideration for the job. We were all working our butts off trying to differentiate ourselves.2 Welch ultimately wins the game but vows to himself to select hi s successor in a different and more fair way, if at all possible.He would get that go on in a process he began in 1994 when he asked his VP for executive development to put together a list of attributes for the ideal CEO3 The specs were filled with skills and characteristics youd want integrity/values, experience, vision, leadership, edge, stature, fairness, and enery/balance/courage.4 Those that filled this criteria totaled 23, but were whittled down to eight serious candidates by 1998. In 2000 Welch formally announced the three final candidates, but took an unprecedented bold step in naming each of their replacements. This ensured that GE would lose two top executives after naming one to become the new CEO, but was done to provide the new leader 100% confidence that he was in transport and would have no reason to have to look over his shoulder. I found the process that named Jeff Immelt CEO and the one that selected Welch in 1980 both fascinating.Welch delivers his message in a confident and candid manner as one might expect, but quite self-effacing at times which may surprise some readers. He certainly takes credit for, and celebrates victories, but gave equal time in the book, if not more, to his mistakes. As a recent book review in The environ Street Journal indicates, He lacks standard-issue pomposity and makes plenty of jokes at his own expense.5 From relaying a time early in his career when his new car had a hose spring a leak and ruin his suit and the paint on the car, to bigger mistakes such as the well publicized sensed failure of GEs Kidder Peabody unit, Welch maintains an air of humility and self deprecation throughout the book.TakeawaysAs an employee of GEs medical division, I enjoy education about Welch and have read a few other books about him. However, none captivated me as this one did. I expected to find it interesting but had no idea how much so until only a few pages into it. Learning about the boy, the student, the engineer, and the leader who would transform an already successful confederation into arguably the best company in the world was very entertaining.For me, working in the GE culture and experiencing it as I have over the historic four years gives me a tremendous sense of pride. I understand Welchs vision well when he speaks of, the four Es of GE leadership very high energy levels, the ability to energize others around common goals, the edge to make tough yes-and-no decisions, and finally, the ability to consistently execute and deliver on their promises.6 I understand what he looks for and strive hard to emulate that image. In my opinion, hearing his basis and rationale for creating this culture further enhances peoples abilities to thrive in it.My final takeaway involves that of integrity. Welch begins and ends the book with this theme and mentions it many times throughout. Ive heard him mention it many times previously, but he drives it home with such passion and conviction here in his memoirs. I never had two agendas. There was only one way-the straight way.7With no regrets and apologies to none, the business world certainly has not heard the last of Jack Welch.Endnotes1. Jack Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack Straight From The Gut (New York Warner Business Books, 2001), 156.2. ibid., 79.3. Ibid., 409.4. Ibid.5. Holman W. Jenkins Jr., Life According To Jack Welch, The WallStreet Journal, 21 September 2001, sec.W, p. 12.6. Welch, 158.7. Ibid., 381.BibliographyLife According To Jack Welch. The Wall Street Journal, 21 September 2001, sec. W, p. 1.Welch, Jack, and John A. Byrne. Jack Straight From The Gut. New York Warner Business Books, 2001.

Biblical Injunctions against Homosexuality

queerness corpse one of the hottest topics in the modern society. We argue, whether quirkiness has the right to make it in society, and try to relieve homoeroticism notions in Biblical foothold. Objectively, neither proponents, nor opponents of homosexual relations befool ever suggested any case-by-case relevant system of arguments to defend their positioning. We try to rely on religion, and we try to interpret our views on homosexuality through the Biblical injunctions against homosexuality. Yet, we still fail to properly interpret Biblical provisions.As a result, proponents and opponents of homosexuality habit different (and even opposite) interpretations of the aforementioned(prenominal) Biblical texts to support their arguments. John Corvino vs. Vatican homosexualism and the news It is always enkindle and useful to review the two opposite viewpoints, when it comes to evaluating the relevance of twain arguments. Such comparison is even to a greater extent useful, whe n the arguments atomic number 18 based on the Biblical texts the texts which still lack single unilateral interpretation.John Corvino has become a well known advocate for the rights of homosexuals. He has used the major Biblical provisions to support his thanksgiving of homosexuality. In his work The Bible Condemns Usurers, Too he has used the analogy between homosexuality and the lick of lending money for interest. In the Book of Exodus, we read if you lend money to my people, to the poor among you, you shall not arrogate interest for them (Childs 33).However, contemporary society actively utilizes the principles of interest in traditional banking practice (with the exception of Moslem banking which still relies on lending without interest). Does this mean that while the Bible prohibits homosexuality it still has the right to exist? In Corvinos view, it does. Moreover, Corvino uses one of the strongest Biblical injunctions against homosexuality to suggest that the Bible has p robably been erroneous The Bible explicitly refers to dishonorable heating plants.Their women exchanges natural relations for unnatural, and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men (Ziesler 97). Corvino tries to suggest, that although the Bible condemns homosexuality, the times and social conditions have changed. Suppose that in Pauls time homosexual relationships were typically exploitative, paganistic or pederastic (Corvino). For Vatican, though such suggestions are at least weak.First of all, Vatican unilaterally condemns homosexuality. Second, Vatican grounds its position on the same Biblical injunctions against homosexuality. It is remarkable, that Vatican primarily uses the same letter of Paul to Romans to support its strong condemnation of homosexuality Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another. They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator who is forever praised.Amen (Vatican Statement on Homosexuality). It is not difficult to guess what the Church would respond to Corvino the Church would certainly defend the holy union between a man and a woman. The letter of Paul to Romans is the direct condemnation of homosexuality, and it is difficult not to deny that the Bible takes homosexual behavior as immoral. In 1997, Vatican released a Statement on Homosexuality. That Statement has become the brightest and the most infrastandable interpretation of Vaticans position towards homosexuality.To choose someone of the same sex for ones sexual activity is to forfend the rich symbolism and meaning, not to mention the goals, of the Creators sexual design (Vatican Statement on Homosexuality). Even in the light of such strong Churchs arguments, Corvinos position remains unchanged. He persistently tries to assure the public that we misinterpret Biblical provisions. Corvino grounds his position on the irrelevance of contemporary Biblical interpretations, and on the fact that many Biblical injunctions against homosexuality are at least outdated. Vatican would hardly agree with that position.When the Bible says By their fruits ye shall know them (Ziesler 99), this does not mean that the Bible stands for homosexuality. Moreover, Vatican openly recognizes that it has appeared under the serious pressure to accept homosexuality. While Corvino suggests that the Church refuses to see homosexual relations as good, Vatican responds that at that place is an effort in some countries to manipulate the Church to conform to these pressure groups concept that homosexuality is at least a completely harmless, if not an entirely good, thing (Vatican Statement on Homosexuality).For Vatican to reject homosexuality means not only to rely on certain Biblical passages it means to guess the position of homosexuali ty proponents, and to re-direct the proponents arguments against themselves. Conclusion We have seen that both Vatican and John Corvino ground their research of homosexuality on the Bible. Moreover, Vatican and Corvino evaluate the same Biblical injunctions against homosexuality to prove that each of them keeps to a more correct path in the homosexuality debate.The Bible openly condemns homosexuality. John Corvino suggests that the Biblical injunctions against homosexuality are outdated and require re-consideration in the light of the changing societal conditions. Vatican keeps to the thought that homosexuality cannot be good, it cannot be harmless, and takes Corvinos position as threatening to the religious stability of the society.Both arguments deserve attention both require detailed re-evaluation in terms of Biblical interpretations, and the analogies drawn by John Corvino. It would be incorrect to state that either Vatican or Corvino have failed to justify their position toward s homosexuality. It will be better to say that as long as both positions exist and are defended in the society, we will be able to produce a more purpose view on what homosexuality is, and whether it has the right to exist as a notion.Works Cited Corvino, John. The Bible Condemned Usurers, Too. Harvard Gay and homosexual Review, 24 (1996) 29-32. Childs, Brevard S. The Book of Exodus A Critical Theological Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press, 1974. Vatican Statement on Homosexuality. 1997. Catholic World News. 06 March 2008. http//www. cwnews. com/news/viewstory. cfm? recnum=4548 Ziesler, John A. Pauls Letter to the Romans. New testament Commentaries. CRM Press.

Go Green Essay

The honorable, Miss Asmi Rusmanayanti as our speaking lecturer. Firstly. I would like to praise to the Almighty Allah SWT, because of His forbearance we are able to attend this speaking class. Secondly may peace be upon the prophet Muhammad precept who has guided us from the darkness into the brightness. Ladies and gentlemen Before I deliver my speech, let me introduce may self. My key is Indrawati Husna. It is a great pleasure for me to be given the opportunity to deliver a speech empower Go Green. Ladies and gentlemen Go Green program of environmental protection. This is just a simple phrase. But it center a lot for our solid ground. It aims at making global bms to participate actively in saving our earth the only planet in which we live. In the last century, we know that our environment especially our rainforest in Indonesia has been cut down by human. Scientists state the function of rainforest as lungs of the world. Based on fact, Indonesia has disconnected 72% of the o riginal forest. How horrible it is The deforestation leave alone influence a lot of our environment.If deforestation keeps vent on, the greenhouse effects fecesnot be reduced and finally the global warming will keep increasing. It warns us that our earth is in danger and we should participate actively to take care of our environment. Ladies and gentlemen Human growth increased, besides not supported by natural growth. The modern people in this millennium era had touched so many destructive impacts which are really withdrawed to be concern. They not only requisite to increase their prosperity, but also increase their rate of comfortable and luxurious life.Because of that the protected animal and give nearly extinct, forest logging without reboization, and uncontrolled of mine exploitation. The impact of those problem cause Global heating system keeps increasing that its disaster such as floods, earthquake, landslides that squeeze out kill human life. The disaster can sink a nytime and anywhere, e very(prenominal) month even every week. We have to be worry about this. Ladies and gentlemen We live in the same world in this earth. Nature balance was really disturbed by human behavior.As the youth generation without exception we should devote and participate on any program that cares to our environment and go green is one of them. The importance of Go green is making our environment to be green and to the full of fresh air. Everyone must be responsible for every single plant. We should do this for our better future environment. If at that place are 300 million people in Indonesia, there will be 300 millions of plants in Indonesia. In addition, planting any kinds of trees in the barren area or in side of the avenue can be done.That is a good start. These activities can be supported by doing another operation in saving our earth such as 1. Stop deforestation and do reforestation movement 2. Reduce the use / purchase of goods made of plastic because almos t all of plastic waste will produce harmful gases when burned and can pollute the environment. 3. Dont throw away methamphetamine hydrochloride anywhere which can disturb the flowing of the river water. 4. Reduce fuel consumption. I believe we all can do and cooperate together. No one will get disadvantage. Ladies and gentlemenThe importance of saving our environment is the need for all of us, for human being to survive. It is not only for us, but also for our next generation. The disasters above can be minimized if all of human beings can preserve our environment and we must pay more attention to our environment whenever and wherever. By doing those simple efforts, it means we have participated in the preservation of our environment. I cypher thats all my speech. Hopefully it will be useful for all of us and thank you very much for your attention.

Nature of Gender Relations in the United States Essay

Like the nationals of all another(prenominal) countries, Americans work over the years developed a strongly sexed culture. Right from childhood, males ar taught how to behave as males while females learn how to be feminine. Masculinity is ofttimes associated with machoism, strength and aggression. Gender relations are clearly distinct in the heterosexual dating scene where masculinity is expect of men while feminity is expected of women (Zurbriggen, 2009). There exists a notable link between the prevalence of rape and gender relations. Women and children are at the highest risk of rape.Most victims are outrage by relatives, friends, or people they know. Many are raped several times before they either report the assault or it becomes difficult to keep it secret, for model when they get pregnant or a venereal disease (Abbey et al. , 2004). To understand why people are victimized by those they are close to, one needs to look back at the violators developmental stages. Males lear n early in life that they are supposed to be more business leaderful than the rest. The resulting gender rigidity leads men to rape or use violence to control and intimidate women (McGlynn, 2008 Zurbriggen, 2009).Men then find it easier to justify rape and violence against vulnerable spouses, children, friends and other relatives. Male victims of rape and males who choose to have sex with other males do not fit in as men and are often treated as women (Bonthuys, 2008). This implies that according to males, rape can only happen to non-males. America remains a largely patriarchal society which means that relations between members of society are still reorient in favor of men. Gender is seen in most aspects of everyday Americans lives and domination of men over women is evident in domestic relations as well as in formal institutions (Seymour, 2009).While it boasts of beingness one of the longest democracies, the United States of America hosts a society which is still characterized gender relations which privilege males at the expense of other members of society, thereby sneaking in the justification for men to hold power over and control other members of society. References Abbey, A. , Beshears, R. , Clinton-Sherrod, A. & McAuslan, P. (2004). Similarities and Differences in Womens Sexual Assault Experiences Based on tactical maneuver Used by the Perpetrator. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28 pp 323-332. Bonthuys, E. (2008).Putting Gender into the Definition of Rape or victorious it Out? Feminist profound Studies 16 pp 249-260. McGlynn, C. (2008). Rape as Torture? Catherine Mackinnon and Questions of Feminist Strategy. Feminist Legal Studies 16 pp 71-85. Seymour, K. (2009). Women, Gendered Work and Gendered Violence So Much More than a Job. Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 16, No. 2 pp 238-265. Zurbriggen, E. (2009). Understanding and Preventing Adolascent Dating Violence The Importance of Developmental, Sociocultural, and Gendered Perspectives. Psychol ogy of Women Quarterly, 33 pp 30-33.

Experiment on polytropic process Essay

Polytropic intricacy of AirObjectThe object of this experiment is to hear the relation between pressure and tawdriness for the elaboration of air in a pressure vessel this expansion is a thermodynamic bear upon.IntroductionThe expansion or compression of a gas washbowl be described by the polytropic relation , where p is pressure, v is specific volume, c is a constant and the exp unmatchablent n depends on the thermodynamic process. In our experiment compressed air in a steel pressure vessel is discharged to the automated teller mould while the air remaining in place expands. Temperature and pressure measurements of the air inside the vessel be recorded. These dickens measurements are utilize to produce the polytropic exp adeptnt n for the expansion process.Historical backgroundSadi Carnot (1796-1832) 1 in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power, examines a reciprocating, plumbers helper-in-cylinder engine. Carnot describes a cycle applied to the machine appearing in number 5.1, which contains his original sketch. In this figure air is contained in the chamber organise by the piston cd in the cylinder. Two heat reservoirs A and B, with temperature greater than temperature , are ready(prenominal) to make contact with cylinder head ab. The reservoirs A and B maintain their respective temperatures during heat depute to or from the cylinder head.Carnot gives the following six steps for his machine1.The piston is signly at cd when high-temperature reservoir A is brought into contact with the cylinder head ab. 2.There is isothermal expansionto ef3.Reservoir A is removed and the piston continues to gh and so cools to . 4.Reservoir B makes contact causing isothermal compression from gh to cd. 5.Reservoir B is removed but unremitting compression from cd to ik causes the temperature to rise to . 6.Reservoir A makes contact, isothermally expanding the air to cd and thus completing the cycle.A hug drug later Clapeyron 2 analyzed Carnots cycle by introducing a pressure-volume, p-v diagram. Clapeyrons diagram is reproduced next to Carnots engine in compute 5.1. Claperon labels his axes y and x, which correspond to pressure and volume, respectively. We will examine two process paths in this diagram the isothermal compression path F-K and the isothermal expansion path C-E. Since both of these processes are isothermal, pv = RT = constant. This is a special case of the polytropic process , where, for the isothermal process, n = 1, so we have the same result, pv = c.Figure 5.1 Left sketch Carnots engine, after Carnot 1. Right sketch Clapeyrons pressure-volume, p-v diagram, after Clapeyron 2. For the axes in Clapeyrons diagram x = v and y = p.The ExperimentsPhotographs of the equipment appear in Figures 5.2 and 5.3, and a sketch of the components appears in Figure 5.4.steel pressure vessel discharge valves thermocouple conduit pressure transducerFigure 5.2 The polytropic expansion e xperiment at Cal Poly.thermocouples thermocouple conduitFigure 5.3 Two, Type-T thermocouples are located inside the pressure vessel, at the geometric center. Only one thermocouple is used the otheris a spare. In the photo the thermocouple conduit has been removed and held outside of the vessel. The junctions of these thermocouples are constructed of extremely fine wires (0.0254mm diameter) that provide a fast time response.Figure 5.4 The polytropic expansion experiment equipment. impel measurements come from the pressure transducer tapped in to the pressure vessel paraden in Figure 5.4. The transducer is powered by the unit of measurement labeled CD23, which is a Validyne 3 carrier demodulator. The fine wire thermocouple is described in the Figure 5.3 caption. both(prenominal) thermocouple and pressure signals feed into an omega 4 flatbed recorder.The tierce discharge valves on the right side of the vessel have small, medium, and large orifices. These orifices allow the air in side the vessel expand at three different rates. The pressure vessel is world-class charged with the compressed air supply. This causes the air that enters the vessel to initially rise in temperature. After a few minutes the temperature r to each onees equilibrium at which time one of the discharge valves is opened. Temperature and pressure are recorded for each expansion process. These info are then used to compute the polytropic exponent n for each process. It is important to maintain that the temperature and pressure of the air inside the vessel are measured, not the air discharging from the vessel.DataPressure and temperature data, for the three runs, are provided in the EXCEL file cabinet Experiment 5 Data.xls.AnalysisIn many cases the process path for a gas expanding or contracting follows the relationship(5.1)The polytropic exponent n can theoretically range from . However, Wark 5 reports that the relation is especially effectual when . For the following simple processes the n determine areisobaric process (constant pressure)n = 0isothermal process (constant temperature)n = 1isentropic process (constant entropy)n = k ( k=1.4 for air) isochoric process (constant volume)n = In our experiment the steel pressure vessel is initially charged with compressed air of galvanic pile . Next, the vessel is discharged and the remaining air mass is . This final mass was part of the initial mass and occupied part of the volume of the vessel at the initial state. Thus expanded within the vessel with a corresponding change in temperature and pressure. and then mass can be considered a closed system with a lamentable system landmark and the following form of the first police of thermodynamics applies(5.2)If the system undergoes an adiabatic expansion , and if the work at the moving system boundary is correctable. Furthermore, if we consider the air to be an ideal gas with constant specific heat. With these considerations the first law reduces to(5.3)Using the ideal gas assumption and differentiating this equation gives(5.4)Substituting comparison 5.4 into 5.3 and using the relationships and givesSeparating variables and consolidation this equation, , yields(5.5)which is a special case of the polytropic relationship given by equation 5.1, with n = k.It is important to note that in the development of comparability 5.5 the expansion of inside the pressure vessel was assumed to be reversible and adiabatic, i.e. an isentropic expansion. In our experiment the adiabatic assumption is accurate during initial discharge. However, the reversible assumption is understandably not applicable because the air expands irreversibly from high pressure to low pressure. Therefore we anticipate our data to yield .Two approaches are used to determined the polytropic exponent n from the data1. Equation 5.1 can be written as , which is a power law equation. In EXCEL, a plot of p versus v and a power law curve fit using TRENDLINE will disclose n.2. Equation 5 .6 (subsequently developed) may be used with only two states to determine n.Here is the outline of the development of Equation 5.6. We start with , which also can be expressed as and combine this with the ideal gas law to obtain(5.6)The temperatures and pressures in Equation 5.6 are all absolute and the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and final states.Required1. Pressure and temperature data are provided for all three runs in Experiment 5 Data.xls. Use the ideal gas law, pv = RT, to compute v corresponding to each p. Use SI units m3/kg for v and Pa for p.2. Plot p versus v and find nFor each run, on a separate graph, plot p on the ordinate (vertical) axis versus v on the abscissa (horizontal) axis. Use linear scales. Determine the polytropic exponent n for each run using a TRENDLINE power curve fit. Also find the correlation coefficient for each curve. (Be aware that the TRENDLINE power curve fit will give , where y = p, x = v and a and b are constants.) Plot all three runs on a single graph and find n for the combined data.3. Derive Equation 5.6.4. Find n for each run using Equation 5.6, where states 1 and 2 represent the beginning and ending states, respectively.5. In a single table show all of the n values.6. Discuss the meaning of your n values, that is, how does your n value compare with n values for other, known processes?Nomenclaturec constant, N mspecific heat constant pressure, kJ/kg Kspecific heat constant volume, kJ/kg Kk specific heat ratio, dimensionlessn polytropic exponent, dimensionlessp absolute pressure, Pa or psiaQ heat transfer, kJR gas constant, kJ/kg K (Rair = 0.287 kJ/kgK)T temperature, C or KU internal energy, kJv specific volume, m3/kgV volume m3W work, kJSubscripts1,2 thermodynamic statesReferences1. Carnot, S., Rflexions sur la puissance motive du feu et sur les machines propres dvelopper cette puissance, genus Paris, 1824. Reprints in Paris 1878, 1912, 1953. English translation by R. H. Thurston, Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power, ASME, stark naked York, 1943.2. Clapeyron, E., Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat, Journal de lcole Polytechnic, Vol. 14, 1834 translation in E. Mendoza (Ed.) Reflections on the motive Power of Fire and Other Papers, Dover, New York, 1960.3. Validyne Engineering Sales Corp., 8626 Wilbur Avenue, Northridge, CA. 91324 http//www.validyne.com/4. OMEGA Engineering, INC., One Omega Drive, Stamford, Connecticut 06907-0047 http//www.omega.com/5. Wark, K. Jr. & D.E. Richards, Thermodynamics, 6th Ed, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999. 2005 by Ronald S. Mullisen Physical Experiments in Thermodynamics Experiment 5