Psychology and Personality Essay Example for Free

Psychology and temper EssayThe study of reputation has a gigantic and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional feature perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, mienist, and social learning perspective. However, umteen researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this argona is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, found on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of temperament testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a essential to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology.Personality Paper Personality is connected with D arwins Theory of Evolution. It ecumenically explains why there are personality differences between individuals. Schacter, Daniel Gilbert, Daniel Wegner, Daniel (2011). Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that noticeablely influences superstars expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. Winnie, J.F. Gittinger, J.W. (1973) Krauskopf, C.J. Saunders, D.R, (1994) There is still no universal consensus on the definition of personality in psychology. Gordon Allport described two major ways to study personality the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the extraordinary aspects of a particular individual.The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional trait perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology.Perspectives of Personality Many of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality t heorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions they hold. The study of personality is not a purely empirical discipline, as it brings in elements of art, science, and ism to draw general conclusions. Freedom versus determinismThis idea seeks to answer whether humans have control over their deliver behavior and understand the motives behind it or our behavior is causally determined by forces beyond our control. Behavior is categorized as being unconscious, environmental, or biological by various theories. Engler, Barbara (2008). Heredity versus environmentPersonality is thought to be determined largely by genetics and biology, by environment and experiences, or by some combination resulting thereof. Contemporary research suggests that intimately personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment. One of the forerunners in this arena is C. Robert Cloninger, who pioneered the Temperament and Character model. Engler, Barbara (2008). Uniqueness ver sus universalityThis is the transmission line discussing the extent of each humans individuality Uniqueness or similarity in nature Universality. Gordon Allport, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers were all advocates of the uniqueness of individuals. behaviourists and cognitive theorists, in contrast, emphasize the importance of universal principles, such as reinforcement and self-efficacy. Engler, Barbara (2008).Optimistic versus pessimistic Personality theories differ with regard to whether humans are integral in the changing of their own personalities. Theories that place a great deal of emphasis on learning are often more than optimistic than those that do not. Engler, Barbara (2008).Three Theories of Personality instruction The study of personality is based on the essential insight that all people are similar in some ways, yet different in others. Phares, E.J. Chaplin, W.F. (1997). There have been many different definitions of personality proposed. However, many contemporary ps ychologists agree on the following definition Personality is that pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations. Phares, E.J. Chaplin, W.F. (1997). Trait theoriesAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, personality traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and intellection about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Theorists generally assume that a) traits are relatively stable over time, b) traits differ among individuals, and c) traits influence behavior. They consistently are used in order to help define people as a whole. Traits are relatively continual they do not usually change. Traits are also bipolar they vary along a continuum between one extreme and the other (e.g. friendly vs. unfriendly). Feist, Jess Feist, Gregory J. (2009).Behaviorist theories Be haviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. The approaches used to analyze the behavioral aspect of personality are cognize as behavioral theories or learning-conditioning theories. These approaches were a radical shift away from Freudian philosophy. One of the major tenets of this concentration of personality psychology is a strong emphasis on scientific thinking and experimentation. Humanistic theoriesHumanistic psychology emphasizes that people have free will and that this plays an active role in determine how they behave. Humanistic therapy typically relies on the client for information of the past and its effect on the present, therefore the client dictates the type of guidance the therapist may initiate. This allows for an personalised approach to therapy.Personality Tests There are two major types of personality tests, projective and objective. Projective tests assume personality is primarily unconscious and assess an individual by how he or she responds to an ambiguous stimulus, such as an ink blot. Projective tests have been in use for about 60 years and continue to be used today. impersonal tests assume personality is consciously accessible and measure it by self-report questionnaires. Research on psychological assessment has generally found objective tests are more valid and reliable than projective tests. Critics have pointed to the Forer effect to suggest some of these appear to be more accurate and discriminating than they really are.Issues within Testing Issues with these tests include, preposterous reporting because there is no way to tell if an individual is answering a question honestly or accurately.Conclusion There are many theories on how a person develops a certain type of personality. A persons personality is what defines them in all aspects of their life. People believe that you are molded into what you are today, but theories have proven that some people lead by example and some learn by example. If anyone is curious as to what type of personality they have, there are my types of assessments available to take that can tell you.